CHAPTER VIII ILLUSTRATIVE REGULATIONS CONCERNING FIELD (Part 3)

for slaking thirst. 27 Cold, cxposur to, in the trenches, 190 Combined stove, oven and incinerator a9f 49 Communicating trench (Toumade), 84, lOI (Bltinge). 85» lox Company kitchen, plan of, X38. 309 Condiments, culinary value of, 15.3 Contact, personal in spread of (usease, 183, 184 Contamination of water supply, manner of determining, 126 Cook fire and incinerator improvised. plan for, X44» 233 Cooking of food, 146 facilities, evolution of, 34, 38, 47, 48 Punitive Expedition, 46 Copper sulphate as a water purifying agent, 139 Crematory, rock pile, plan of, 219 Cresol for the destruction of lice, 15 Cresyl, solution of, to kill lice, 15 Cyllin, solution of, in the destruction of lice, 14 D Darnall filter, description of, 134 Dead animals, disposal of, X2X Death, common causes of in former wars, 4 rate according to age, 5 in the tropics. 5 "Delousing" plants, I9t 20 Dengue, prevention of, 178 how transmitted, 178 Destructor, field, description of, 108, 109 Detail drawing for incinerator, 39, 56 Diagram of fly trap, S7t 7i Diarrhea, causes of. x8o Dining table, 56, 71 plan for, X38, 309 Diphtheria, preventive measures, 185 Discipline, affecting health, 2 Disease carriers, lox germs, manner of leaving body. 166 Diseases commonest among troops. 4 in the Civil war, 4 in present war in Europe, 5 in Spanish American War, 4 in war with Mexico, 4 contracted through the nose and mouth. x8^ most prevalent m U. S. Army, 4 spread through discharges from the nose and mouth, 183 transmissible, how caused, 158 transmitted by insects, 173 by milk, 152 water borne, 161 Disinfector, clothing, ^,17 rolling steam or formalin, i, a, 16 Division, camp of, zx9» 198 Drinking of water on a march, 192 Dugout with shelter tent roof, plan of, X40, 229 Dump, rubbish, zo6, 120 Dumps for refuse, care of, 120 Dysentery, dissemination of, 171. 172 organisms causing, 162 prevention of, 172 INDEX 243 E Ears, cleansing of, 8 Education in sanitary matters, 3 Effluent, disposal of, 90 Elephantiasis, how transmitted. 163 Emissions, an evidence of vigor, 10 Energy, physical and mental, effects of air supply on. 6 Equipment " A'^ 23. a6 issued for the neld, 44, 45 Examination of water, 128, 129 Excavator waj^^on and pump. 45, 61 Excrement, disposal oi in the trenches, lOI incineration of, 102 Exercise, essential to health, 6 Evolution of cooking facilities. 34, 28, 47. 48 Pats, food function of, 151 separation of, from water, 62 Feces, disinfection of, 106 disposal of, in the trenches, 10 1 incineration of, 107, 108 separation of, from urine, 106 Feet, care of, general, 9 on the march, 9 in the trenches, 9 medical officer to inspect, 194 method of hardening, 9 trench, causes of, 189 Field destructor, 93, 108, 109 hospital, camp of, 124, 203 ward tent, 19, 42 ice box, 5^f 69 laundry (Austrian), 65, 78 oven, American, 34, 52 range, army, 2z^ 44 ^ manner of using, 43 Fighting efficiency, aim of the medical service, 3 Filter, Damall, description of, 134 Japanese, 134 sand and alum, improvised, 136 Filters for water purification, 132 Filth diseases, 166 Filtration of sullage water, 90 of water, 132 Fireless cooker adapted* for use of troops in the field, 54. 55 furnished in Austrian service, 55 Fleas, as agents in the transmission of disease, 164 destruction of, 182 in the transmission of plague, 164 Flies, breeding of, 67, 179 destruction of, 68 where found, 179 Flooring for tents, 35 Floors, kitchen, care of, 67, 194 Fly, the, as an agent in the transmission of disease, 164, 179. 180 breeding, use of chemicals to con- trol, 119 paper, use of, 19s formula for making, 68 proof latrine seat, 87, 103 Fly traps^ 68, 19S baits for, 71 Food as an agent in the transmission of disease, 162 chief uses of, 150 effects of cooking, 146 ingredients of, 150 inspection of, 147. i93 manner of eating, 9 stuffs, care of, 64 sale of, in camp, 74 in tents prohibited, 193 use of left over, IS4 value of, 146 waste of, 148- Foot gear for officers, 11 powder issued l?y the Medical Department, 9 Forced marches, 25 Formalin disinfector, x, 2, 16 Frames for tents on adobe walls, 34 tents, plans of, X35f X36> Z37> 2^3 » 22s, 226 .French water wagons, 140, idi Fresh air, supply necessary, 6 ^ .. Frost bite, antitetanus serum injected in cases of, 191 causes and prevention of, 190 treatment of, 191 Fumigation by hydrocyanic acid gas, 19 by formalin, 19 by sulphur, 18 G Games, value of, 7 Garbage cans to be inspected for food, IS4 Garcia's latrine cover, 80, 96 meat safe, 51, 66 Gas gangrene influenced by dirty cloth- ing, 7 poisoning, 191 Gasoline for destruction of lice, 13 German army, prevention of spread of lice in, 19 Gloves, method of preventing loss of, 12 Goode's bath house, 79t 81 . Grass, value of, in a camp site, 31 Grease trap, 46, 62 description of, 62 for sullage water, 47, 63 (Pike), 73, 89 Greasy water, disposal of, 193 Guards for water supply in camp, 32, 192 Guthrie incinerator, description of, 55, 58 . Guthrie's incinerator, 40, S7 H Hair on body when lice are present, 15 Halazone as a water purifying agent, 140 Halts, allowed on marches, 25 Hands, care of, 8, i9jS EUivard box, description of, 93 Health of command, responsibility for, 2 of marching troops, 6 of troops on marches, 23 244 INDEX Heart, irritable, following severe march- ingf 39 Heat exhaustion, manner of preventing, 28 Heating of cantonment buildings, 38 of water in the trenches, 79 Hopper for pit for liquid garbage. 44, 61 Horses, care of, on marches, 26, 28 Hospital hut, portable, 14, 38 wards, Z3» 37 Hucksters, not allowed in camps, 193 Hut, adobe, 15, 39 Huts, adobe, ^o fresh air in, 6 log, description of, 35 portable, description of, 38, 39 Hygiene, definition of, i military, i personal, 6, 20, 193 Ice as an agent for transmission of dis- ease, 168 box, subterranean, plan of, 149, 237 Immunization against typhoid fever, 169 Immunity, acquired, 166 general discussion of, 165 Incineration pit in hill side, 150, 238 Incinerator (after Lelean), 93, 108 cake tin, 107, 121 and cook fire, improvised, plan of, 144, 233 Guthne, description of, 55 inclined plane, Z03, 117 manure, zsi* 238 for small commands, 116 (McMunn), 94, 109 portable, inclined plane, 104, 118 rock pit, description of, SS* 57 Trincas, 114 turf, 96, 97t no. III underground, 98 a-b, 112 Incinerators developed in Punitive Expedition, 59t 60 improvised, 113 in use in the English service, 108 Incubation period of infectious diseases, 188 Infantry, manner of marching, 15, 23 regiment, camp of , 121, 200 Indirect infections, 161 Infections, manner of contracting, 160 most prevalent among troops, 4 on line of communications, 4 through the nose and mouth, 183 transmitted through an alternative host, 163 through toilet and smoking articles, 8 Infectious diseases, causes of, 158 incubation jperiod, 188 transmitted by meat, 151 by water, 161 Influenza highly contagious, 186 Injuries to feet on the march, 28 Insect borne diseases, 172, 173 carriers of disease, 173. Inspections, physical, twice monthly, 10, 194 Instructions concemiiur care of person, 6 Iodine as a water purifying agent, 139 Irritable heart following severe march- ing. 29 K Kitchen attendants to be free from dis- ease, 149 brush shelter for, 30, 43 cleanliness, 149, 193 company, plan of, tiS, 209 and dimnis room, plan of, 129, 131, X3at 211, 21S, 217 screened, 13, 38 facilities for camp use, 42 improvised in the Punitive Expe- dition, 42, 43 floors, care of, 67, I94 and mess hall, improvised, plan for, 143. 231 refuse, disposal of, 55, I93 service. 7^ soakage pit, 43, 60 tables, manner of making, 66 Kitchens, rolling, description of, 53 suspected carriers of disease re- lieved from duty in, 193 Laboratories, portable, for examination of water, 129 Lake water, character of, 126 Lamp black and oil, in latrines, 97 Lanterns, improvised, 152, 239 Larvacide, how made, 176 Larvs, fly, destruction of, with conser- vation of manure, 119 Latrine box and enclosure, plan of, 130, 213 extemporized, 78, 95 Hopwood. 79, 95 lid raised, 77, 94 movable (Havard), 75, 93 usual type, 76. 94 cover (Garcia), 80, 96 pits, care of, 95 in El Paso District, 97 description of, 91 portable, fix proof, 89, 105 seat, fly proof, 87, X03 separating (McPherson), 19, X07 (Pike), 90, 106 shelter, adobe brick. 83, 100 galvanized iron. 82, xoo shelters, 100 for trenches, 88. 104 Latrines to be kept fly proof, 195 location of, 90 phenol solutions provided for, 8 temporary, description of, 91 trench, care of, 194 in the trenches, 102 Launderies in European services, 12 Laundering in the neld, 12 ^ Laundry, manner of handling, British service, 84 use of tents for, 90 water, bacteria content of, Z2 INDEX 245 Laundry water, disposal of, 90 Leather goods, sterilisation of, 17, 19 Lice as an agent in thetransmission of disease. i8a control of, 13 destruction oi, 13, 17 development of, 182 infesting men in trenches, 183 prevention of spread of, in German Army, 19 in typhus fever, 182 Lines of commuiiication, sanitary con- dition of, affected by troops using same, 3. 4 sanitation on, 3 Log hut, XX, 37 Lucas' staddle trench cover, 74, 9i> 93 Lyster water bags, 138 M Maggots, trap for, X05, 119 afg Lala Malaria carriers, 177 how transmitted. 163, 174 Manure, disposal (^, in dry climates, 114 during rains, lis by Panama incinerator, xo2, 116 in temporary camps, 194 incinerator^ xsi, 238 windrow method of burning, xox, IIS March, body temperature during, 26 care of, feet on, 9 rate of, influenced by conditions, 24 in mixed commands. 24 Marches, by Artillery, 2$ by cavalry. 24 in cold weather, 28 forced, effects on troops, 24 health of troops on, 23 hour of commencing, 22, 23 in humid atmosphere, 27 by iniantry, 24 manner of conducting. 22 men falling out in. 25 night, to be avoided, 23 Marchmg, attitude in. 23 shoe, II McMunn incinerator. 04, 109 McPherson's system for separation of urine and feces, 106 Meals, inspection of, 147 on the march. 22 Measles, preventive measures, x86 Meat, care of, in warm weather, i57 distribution of, 157 house, adobe, 49, 65 safe, adobe, 50, 65 Garcia's burlap, 51, 66 manner of building, 66 wagon, 48, 64 Meats, care of, in camp, 6s as a cause of disease, 151 infected, 151 preservation of, 151 selection of, is6 Mechanical transmission of disease by insects, 163 Medical Department, prime duty of, i Officers to inspect feet, 194 Melons not brought into <:amp, 193 Mess, advantages of a satisfactory, 147 management. 148 sergeant, supervision of. 148 table, extemporized. 66 plan of. x 48 237 utensils, how cleaned. 73 Military exigencies, relation to sanitary measures. 3 failures caused by sickness, 3 hyg[iene, i sanitation, i Milk as a cause of disease, 152 Morbidity rates of armies, causes affecting, 3. Mosquitoes, extermination of, 174 transmission of disease by, 173 Mouth, care of, 8 Mumps, dissemination of, 186 Munson shoe, advantages of, 1 1 N Naphtha soap for destruction of lice, is N. C. I. for control of lice, 13 Night marches to be avoided. 23 Nitrifying bacteria. 126 Nostrils, care of. 8 O Ober's fly trap. 58, 72 Officer's bath house, improvised, plan for. X43. 232 house, plan of, 141, 230 line, duty regarding hygiene and sanitation, 2 education of in hygiene and sani- ' tation, 3 Oil and lamp or bone black for treat- ment of, latrines, 97 use of in mosquito extermination, 174. 175 Oiling of pools about camp, 195 Oven, combined range and oven, 30, so Ovens, combined stove, oven and incin- erator, 29, 49 improvised in Punitive Expedition, 46, 47, 48, 49, S3 plan for. 145, 146, 147, 234. 235, 236 Pail system used in the British service, 102 used on the Western Front, 102 Panama incinerator for disposal of manure, xoa, 1x6 Paper blankets, extemporized, 7 fly, how made, 68 Patients treated at regimental infirm- aries, 194 Paulin kitchen and dining room, plan for, X3X, 132, 21S. 217 Personal^ hygiene. 6. 20, 193 Picket line, section plan of, 133, 219 lines, care of, 195 Pike's soap or grease trap, 88, 89 Pit inciaerator , xso, 238 246 INEDX Pits, trrease. 62, 64 . latrine, descriptiou of, 91 Plague, the, measures for control of, 181 protective inoculation against, 182 transmitted by the flea, 181 Flan of bath house, X37t 207 of company kitchen, 128, 209 of dining table, 12S, 209 for kitchen and dining room, X29, 211 for latrine box and enclosure, 130 213 for paulin kitchen and dining room, I3i» 21S Pneumonia, 6 occurrfcnce of, 161 prevention of, 185 Poisoned fly-baits, 73 Pools about permanent camps to be oiled, 19s Pork as a source of disease, 162 Portable hospital hut, 14, 38 incinerator, inclined plane, 104, 118 laboratories for the examination of water, 129 latrine, 89, 105 Potassium permanganate as a water pur- ifying agent, I39 Prophylactic treatment, venereal, 10 Prostitutes infected with venereal dis- ease, 10 Protein in foods, 151 Protozoa, general discussion of, 160 Ptomaine poisoning, 162 causes of, 74 Pump, spray, 81, 98 Punitive Expedition, kitchen facilities evolved, 42 vermin among camp followers, 20 Pyorrhea, importance of treatment of, 8 Quarters, semisubterranean, 9, 35 Quinine, use of in malaria, 1 76 R Range, improvised adobe, 3i| So Rat traps, use of, 182 Rats, agency of, in the transmission of plague, 181 Rates for morbidity and mortality ac- cording to service, s Ration, kinds of, 149 savings on, 154 substitutes for, 153 Rations, how issued, 150 Records of typhoid prophylactic, 169 Refuse, disposal of, in camp. 194 kitchen, disposal, 55, 193 Regulations for moving commands, 192 Rest, importance of, 7 River water, purification of, 125 Road spaces assumed in infantry, 24 for mounted men, 24 Roads in camp, 195 Rock pile crematory, plan of, 133, 219 pit incinerator. 38^ 55 description of, 55-57 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, how transmitted. 163 R,olling kitchen in Punitive Expedition. 36, 53 ::hc kitchens, advantages of, 54 description of, 53 Rubbish dump, 106, 120 Rules to limit the spread oi disease, 184 Safes, meat and fruit, manner of build- ing, 66 Sandy soil, manner of securing tent ropes in, 33 Sanitary condition, lines of commtuiica- tion effected by type of troops using same, 4 conditions in campaign, 4 functions of surgeon, 2 measures, non-compliance with, 3 relation to military exigencies, 3 service of troops, 2 Sanitation, general considerations, i lines of communication, 3 military, i Saville bath house, 6a, 76 water heater, 63, 77, 78 Scalp, care of, 8 Scarlet fever, preventive measures, x86 Screening of cantonment buildings, 176 Screened kitchen and dining room, 13, 38 tent, 5, 33. Semi-monthly inspections of command, 194 Serbian barrel], 4, 18 Sexual intercourse not essential to health, 10 Shell fish as a cause of disease, 168 Shelter for horses, xoo, 114 tents on walls, 33 for troops in camp, 33 Shelters, improvised. Punitive Expe- dition, 39 Shoes, description of, 11 size of, 194 Shower bath used in i ith Cavalry, 6a, 76 baths, improvised, 75 Showers, bill of materials for, 206 Sick call on the march in the French service, 28 rate according to age, 5 report, increased, 2 Sickness as a cause of military failures, 3 Sites, camp, selection of, 30 Skin, affected by bathing, 7 the, as a source of infections, 164 Sleei>, best in the early morning, 23 importance of, 7 Smallpox, vaccination against, 188 Smoking, effects of, xo Soakage pit for sullagc water^ 47> 63 pits, manner of constructing. 87 rock filled, not advocated, 90 Soap or grease trap (Pike), 7a, 88 traps, description of, 62 Socks to be well fitting and free from holes, 118 INDEX S47 Sodittin bisulphite as « water disinfec- tant, 139 hypochlorite, 138 Soil as -an agent in the transmission of disease. 162, x68 type for healthv camp sites, 30 Soldier, healthy, value of, 2 sidk, 2 Spark arrestors, location of, 35 Spitting to be discouraged, 9 Spring, output, how measured, 124 water, purity of, 125 Springs, classification of, 124 Steam disinfector, x, 2, 16 tinder pressure for destruction of lice, IS Stoves, types of, for cantonment build- ings, 38 Straggling, effects of, 28 Strainer for sullage water, 47, 63 Streams, purity of, 125 Sullage, disposal of, 90 water, absorption of, 87 filtration of, 87 sq>aration of fats from, 62, 87 Sulphur fumigation, 18 Sweating, excessive, treatment for, 8 Swinging cage, S5> 70 Syphilis, record of, 1 1 Table, dining, $6, 71 plan 01, za8, 209 mess, plan of, 148, 237 Tables, manner of making kitchen and dining tables, 66 Tanks, canvas, Lyster, 141 Tarsalgia occurring on the march, 28 Tea, weak, as a means to slake thirst, 27 Teeth, care of, 8 Temperature of men on the march, 26 Teno-synovitis occurring on the march, 28 Tent frames, plans of, 135, 136, 137, 223, 225, 226 screened, 5, 33 sites aired twice weekly, 19s Tentage as shelter for troops, 33 Tents to be ditched, 193 flooring for, 35 frames for, 6, 34 fresh air in. 6 manner of heating, 35 ventilation of, 35. 40 on walls, 7> 8, 34 Tetanus bacilh, where found, 163 Tetrachlorethane solution for destruc- tion of lice, 14 Texas fever, how transmitted, 163 Thirst, control of, on the march, 26 weak tea or coffee better than water, 27 Throat, care of, 8 Tonsils, the, as a port of entry for infec- tion, 164 Tooth brush, care of, 9 Total abstinence, effects of, zo Toxins, 16s Trains, bathing, description of, 79 camp of, Z33, 202 daily marches by, 35 Transmissible diseases, causes of, 158 Trap for maggots, 105, 119 Traps, fly, 68, 19S baits for, 71 grease, 62 rat, 182 Trench feet, causes of, 189 treatment of, 190 fever, types of, 187, 188 latrine, 86, 102 latrines, care of, 194 urinal, 92, 107 warfare, supplv of fresh air, 6 Trenches, care of clothing in, 21 disposal of excrement in, 10 1 Trichina due to pork, 162 Trichlorethylene, solution of