SECTION 5Ftx5Ft
^ Shoot Lead/nq toTray^
Faeces tnay(^heet iron e-g from areaoldrum^
in. 6/ns. wide 2^tx>3/n5 deep, supported by pieces of iron attached to central cone & sides oF incinerator.
Centna/ air cone
(Oldiron)
Air Chamder
rating of old iron (e-g hoop iron)
\ij&Btdinq to ^^^Taeces tray. 'For refuse
Forlighting
removirKf
burnt tins.
Connecting Bansr
Wall Faeces tray
7bp of air cone
EXTERNAL VIEW HORIZONTAL SECTION
SHOmNG DOORS REQUIRED
Fig. 97. — Turf incinerator. {After Trinca.)
bags containing wet clay, or rectangular tin cans filled with clay and chinked with mud may be used. The bags burn but the clay remains in the shape desired. Draught holes should be arranged in the first row of sandbags. Upon them should rest a grating of iron or stout wire fire bars. A very common mistake in making incinerators is to make them of too large a diameter for their purpose. For 1000 men 6 feet diameter and 3 feet 6 inches high is a workable size. For smaller units, a diameter of 3 feet is adequate, the height being the
112
FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION
y//////////////////f//////m
Section AB.
. Section CD.
Fig. 98a. — Underground incinerator. {Pike.)
Longitudindi Section
')^/W//^///////>^//////M
HM
J IIIIU ZjIl i !
I
I I
Ptan
Transver^eSection
Fig. 986. — Underground incinerator. {Pike.
CAMPS
113
same as for the larger unit. The illustrations shown are of incinera- tors made of sandbags, with a cone of corrugated iron, wired to a tripod of iron bars, fixed in the sandbags. The cone affords a powerful draught.
Fig. 99. — Trough latrine and pit. {After Tournade.)
Tournade recommends the following for use in immobilized units. Its principle is to receive excrement in an antiseptic fluid and after contact for 12 hours, deliver it into a pit..
A pit is dug from 3 to 6 feet long and 6 feet deep. Perpendicular to one side of it, is dug a ditch 15 inches wide and 6 feet long. Its bottom inclines toward the pit with a 5 per cent, slope. The trench is fitted with a removable metal trough, 2 m. long with a bottom sloping toward the pit. Where it projects over the pit there is a hole normally closed by a leather flanged, wooden plug. This is provided with a long handle. Removal of the plug empties the trough into the pit. The trough is 12 inches wide at the bottom, 1 5 inches wide at top, its depth at the shallow end is 10 inches, at the deeper end 13 inches. A solution of 4 per cent, cresyl or any other effective antiseptic is recommended. To prevent splashing, the surface is covered with a layer of paper. A better plan is to use a longer, deeper trough of parabolic shape, half fill it with water, and to disinfect the effluent if need be, in the pit. This apparatus is used on some French lines of communication.
Another extemporized incinerator is made of turf. One side of
the incinerator may be made of corrugated iron, running in a groove
and the other three sides of turf. The advantages of this is 8
IF
^ ' that t r cioera
FIELD HYCIENE AND SANITATION
that the incinerator is more readily cleaned. Underground in- cinerators also are used.
Trinca's incinerator is made of brick or stone cemented by it mix- ture o£ clay 5 parts and cow manure i part. This is a very bind- ing material. The air space is below ground in order to save material. With an apical opening an intense heat is produced. The tray is perforated to allow liquids to fall on the fuel beneath. Combustible refuse is introduced through "R" then tin cans, and on this manure. Feces are poured in through special chutes F & F' and evenly distributed over the tray after the refuse has been ignited and is burning freely. It may be kept burning indefinitely. The advantages o£ this apparatus are that refuse is the only fuel needed, large amounts of material may be burned in a small space, it will consume manure and feces, does not ifcvclop offensive odors, and is economical of material.
Namaquipa, 1
Stables. — Shelter in cold weather and shade in hot should be provided for the welfare of horses and mules. Watering troughs should be provided.
Disposal of Manure. — Picket lines should be ditched and kept policed, refuse being removed daily. They should be burned over weekly with one gallon of crude oil and 15 pounds of hay or straw for each animal.
No grazing should be allowed within sooo yards of camp.
Manure may be burned in dry climates by spreading an area sot more than a inches deep where it will not be crossed by wagons.
CAMTS
115
It is allowed to dcy tmt iaj* and thea set m fin. Or •! is bvncd in windrom 3 feet wide and j leet U(A -"-*- bf tiBimBg off tk manure from the uul of m wa^aa. Tber an about 8 feet apart and after drTing a few bovn tfecy a«e tpwted witb oS on the viod- ward side at 6-foot iatemb aad fined. W ladw wa an laked to cover a namw space, to pre wat IwiiaJag fetf of ■ ■iai i h Tfee acxt day the ngons stradde tke wiaAnmm and dai^i the aaauc tm their ashes. Id wet weather espedaD^ it k imiiiiIjiI that the wia- drows be wocked avtx oot^ojofy, aad the OBidp hcpt goiac ^
turmng the nntmnied q
not in such quantities as to sDotber 1:
o the Eraooldenng part bM
DmiBg the rams wtuiM A* »»i«hw .j i^n^,>f j| l^y, it Bar^be dumped in p3a cwntaiaiag ao to 30 wagoB kads, or <nrcr tte e^e of a ravine, at a poinc aot les than two aila fraaa otap. Thep^ sbotild be djstaat boin a thcoa^ nad as paan^ nea aid aan^k bring fiic» into canp. Ikese fia ate libefallj' ^xJaUod wiH and igakcd. or if over the edge of a ravine; the fin is started l^ botlAM. The ottmre it eooMnaed bat not tapid^ cBo^ k vent fljr bretsfiag. This waa the oiethod Uknred in the F
- StqftStian. AiMthetphaiatoipradtheiiiannreinakNv pae, aot BKxe thaa 12 teet wide at the top dot mon thai U^ as titai snoaihre wsgosu driving over it maj pad, it d Ead new lead u packed tighdrbr •bonis. TheB and uia with botaz aokaioa (9i lb. to i {
r
n6
I HYGIENE I
I SANITATIi:)N
Lewis and Miller employed the Panama incinerators in the El 1 Paso District with excellent resuUs. These were grates made of railway iron about 30 feet long and 10 feet wide, with a rail 3 feet high. The grate was supported about 3 feet above the ground h concrete or railroad iron uprights on cement foundations. The rails forming the floor were at right angles to the long diameter. The incinerators were placed broadside to the prevailing wind.
^mcr^Lur i>.r tiia.iure. This the photograph was taken. here illustrated. (Ltwis and
purchased fuel was necessary. A fire started with a refuse bos from 1 the dump consumed from 25 to 50 loads a day. This device offered better results than did the windrow method as by the latter some | larva: escaped. It consumed from 35 to 50 wagon loads a day. In wet climates this incinerator should be covered with a galvanized 1 iron roof.
A device for the use of small commands is a cylindrical incinerator .■f made by wiring together sheets of galvani3ed iron. It Is about $
L}
feet high and 4 feet in diameter. This is placed over the junction of two trenches, intersecting at right angles. These trenches are
IMPROVISED INCUNEO'PLANE fHCINERATOR
WAIU TO HUP DMUSKT
Fig. 103. — Piled inclined plane incinerator, made of four gasoline or kerosene cans cut and joined by mutually engaging notches cut in the edges. They make an enclo^ied arch on a base of straw or mud and are covered with mud or tibbin (chopped hay i part, mud 7 parts). Nails ■hown in first part of figure prevent refuse sliding through. Tin plate used over feeding hole according to direction of wind. Two such incin- erators can dispose of the refuse (other than feces) of a regiment. {After
8 feet long, i foot wide and i foot deep under the container. Or, instead of trenches, apertures 8 inches in diameter may be made at
ii8
FIELD HYGIENE AND SAKITXiION
opposite sides of the cyliuder at its base. A few tin cans should be thrown in to fonn a grate. In such a cylinder both garbage and manure may be burned. Tin cans distributed in the mass faciliUte the draught and a little oil greatly facilitates combustion. In wet weather it should be covered with a sheet of tin. A similar container
SECTION OF BtlDW ATA-A WHEN PACKED fOR TXAKSFDRT F01.CIWS LEDSti
SCALE
^FOLO'tte lEDGE TO SUPPORT tOMTEKTS
PORTABLE INCUNED-PLANE INCINERATOR
Fic. 104. — Sama principle as above. Apparatus is knock down and portable, can always be turned to face with the wind. Ashes removed through V-shaped apertures in floor by knocking side of incinerator. {After Lelean.)
can be made of mud over the intersection of two intersecting trenches. Another device for a small command is a wire frame or grid with meshes s inches square. It is about 4 feet cube and is supported 2 feet above the ground.
Yet another device is a mud or brick chamber 10 X 8 X 14 feet employing a grate. Stoke holes are provided in the sides. These
CAMPS
119
are about 1 5 inches square and are on the ground level. Manure is thrown in through a two foot aperture in the top, covered by a removable lid. A fire is started before the ma-nure b thrown in, and after it is burning briskly, the dampers are closed. Ashes are raked out from under the grate.
In the British service at some places on the western front, manure is placed in long piles and covered with a foot of earth. In others it is destroyed with rubbish in mud or galvanized can incinerators.
The reduction of fly breeding by means of chemicals has as yet found no place in our military service Chemicals recom mended for this purpose by the Department of Agriculture are the following:
Pic. 105. — Imaginary eros»-scctioii of an arrangement, suggested for trapping maggots, for use where manure production is large a Pump e, concrete floor and walls of cistern, outlet pipes leading from floor of maggot trap to cistern; p. platform maggot trap I cistern for hquid manure: g. ground level. (.HutchinioH )
Borax may be scattered on the surface every two or three days, in the proportion of 3 lbs. to 40 bushels of manure.
The following solution, viz.: sod. arsenitis i lb., brown sugar 10 lbs., water 10 gallons, may be scattered at frequent intervals. It kills adult flies who come to lay their eggs.
A later recommendation is to apply one pound of calcium cyanimid and two to four pounds of acid phosphate per square foot of surface, or 4 pounds of cyanamid and four or more pounds of acid phosphate for eight bushels. This process both destroysthe flies and increases the fertilizing power of the manure.
A method for the destruction of larvie, with conservation of
120 FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION ^B
manure, is indicated by the diagram. Larvse leaving the manure fl pile to pupate are caught in a water filled cement pit and drowned. ■ Camp Police.— There should be a daily police of camp, the site 1 of each organization being cared for by it, and communal areas H leing cared for by a detail ot employees under a qualified supervisor. M A tin can in front of each tenl should collect the refuse discarded H ly its occupants. Refuse should be hauled to the dump. ' ■
1
1
ta
Pic. io6. — Rubbish dump. The only exposed rubbish is along Ih advancing inarein of the pUe. The top of the dump is entirely coverei over and smooth. iLeviis and Miller,)
"This should be kept in a very restricted area. It is built uj a very considerable height (lo-is feet) by successive layers. TJi
cans, bottles and such combustible material as is not disposed o n the manure incinerator are dumped over the edge of the ban'
which is formed as the piie progresses. A fire is kept burning alon( he advancing edge of the pile and if the rubbish and tin cans ar
properly interspersed, all combustible material will be conaumec The ashes from kitchen ranges are deposited on top oE the burnec in cans as the pile advances. The dump must be compact; ti
1
3 arc not left uncovered and animals are not allowed to pass over exposed bottles or other d6bria which might injure their feet. The photograph shows a dump made up of incombustible rubbish. There is no rise o£ ground in the vidnity." (Lewis and Miller.)
In the camp at Columbus, N. M., the "cake tin incinerator" was used.
Dead animals are usually buried. Lelcan recommends a modifica- tion of this practice. A pit is dug beside the animal, which is eviscerated and the viscera buried. The carcass is dragged over the pit, 40 lbs. of hay or straw are placed in the ccelum and over the
surface. This is wet with a quart of kerosene and fired. The method aims at charring the surface of the animal and sterilizing the soil fouled by the blood.
Bivotiacs.— On marches and in the presence of the enemy troops often are obliged to bivouac. From a tactical point of view bivouacs are convenient, but for sanitary reasons are resorted to only when necessary. The general principles governing adeetion of camp sites apply with even greater force to those for bivouacs. The ground should be dry and protected from both sun and wind Light woods are nearly always good silcs. To reduce the force of winds, windbreaks may be constructed, either by brush, sloping with the wind at an angle of 45 degrees, or by a bank of earth 3 feet high. The trench from which it is taken should be on the outside of the protected area. A circular enclosure 15 feet in diameter with afire in its center promotes comfort. The men lie with the feet to the fire.
122 FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION
•
Billets. — ^When troops are likely to remain many days or weeks along a line of fire confronting the enemy, they should be encouraged to make themselves as comfortable as possible in the trenches by timbered dugouts, etc., and should be relieved by fresh troops at short intervals. The interval on the western front is (usually) two weeks. In such case, the troops when relieved should make every possible use of local buildings, erect temporary structures and should have available additional camp equipments, tents, surplus kits, etc., sent up from the* line of communication, and should not be billeted in houses if this can be avoided, lest they contract infections from the inhabitants. If billeting is practised, however, houses and occupants should have been inspected by a medical officer, and the doors of those habitations harboring infection, marked in a dis- tinctive manner, e.g. , by red chalk. To prevent imitation by civilians who do not wish their houses occupied, a record should be kept of those marked and verified at intervals.
Unless the force billeted is small, it usually has to be distributed among several bvuldings. This has a demoralizing efiFect on dis- cipline with a consequent effect on sanitation. Also the public and private sanitary conditions in small towns frequently are very un- satisfactory. But billets can be kept in a cleanly condition by standing orders, frequent inspections, and detailed supervision. Since the billets on the western front are occupied alternately by bodies of troops which relieve each other in the trenches, there is no opportunity and small incentive for cleaning them properly. Frequently they are infested with vermin. Constant efforts must be maintained to destroy vermin and their eggs, for reinfestation of billets often occurs, when troops come in from the trenches.
The methods used to destroy lice and fleas are discussed else- where. Bed bugs may be destroyed by successive fumigations at 3 day intervals as the eggs may not be destroyed by one fumigation alone. The agents most used are sulphur, one pound, to each looo feet; pyrethrum, five ounces per looo feet; or camphor and phenol equal parts, four ounces per looo feet. Formaldehyde is unreliable. If fumigants are not available employ a spray of benzine or gasoline or paint surfaces with a 25 per cent, emulsion of petroleum in water. Infested clothing and bedding should be steamed.