CHAPTER VIII ILLUSTRATIVE REGULATIONS CONCERNING FIELD (Part 1)

CHAPTER VIII ILLUSTRATIVE REGULATIONS CONCERNING FIELD HYGIENE AND CAMP SANITATION The following regulations cover some essential measures for moving commands, for camp for a few days, and for permanent camps. They are taken chiefly from the Field Service Regulations; General Orders 13, Headquarters Southern Department, dated July 10, 1916; and Bulletin 22, Headquarters Southern Department, dated August 5, 1916. FOR MOVING COMMANDS 1. Camps. — Camp sites will be selected and established in con- formity with paragraphs 238 to 242, F. S. R. 1914. 2. A guard will be placed over the water supply, if the latter is of doubtful purity, and will allow none but authorized persons to have access to it. 3. Water of doubtful purity will be purified before use. 4. Men will fill their canteens before leaving camp, and will not refill them except from authorized sources. 5. Men will be allowed to drink water on the march only when authorized to do so and then in limited quantities. Company Officers will be held strictly responsible for the enforcement of such orders. 6. On long marches and in arid regions when the supply of water can not be renewed as required, a reserve supply will be carried on the wagons. 7. Trench latrines, 2 feet deep, of the straddle type will be dug immediately upon arrival in camp. 8. Men will cover their deposits. A permanent detail will fill in latrines and police camp immediately before the march is resumed-. 192 ILLUSTRATIVE REGULATIONS 1 93 9. The camp site will be kept well policed, and soiling of the same by refuse, remnants of food, or dirty water, is prohibited. Any pol- lution of the camp site is forbidden. 10. Food. — (a) Fresh meat, bread and vegetables will be inspected by a Medical Officer as to quality, when issued. (b) Food will be prepared and served in a cleanly manner. It will habitually be protected against sun, dust and flies. (c) Company cooks, mess equipment and kitchen areas will be kept clean and neat at all times. The kitchen police will be a per- manent detail. Suspected carriers of disease will be relieved from duty in the kitchens until recovered. (d) Individual mess kits will be cleaned at the cook-tent imme- diately after use. Cooks will provide a supply of boiling water for this purpose. (e) Kitchen utensils will be cleaned thoroughly with soap and boiling water, immediately after each time of using. (J) The keeping in tents of uneaten portions of food and rations is strictly prohibited. (g) Men wiU not patronize fly infested or dirty places in which food, ice cream or drinks are sold. (A) No hucksters will be allowed in camp, except for the delivery of supplies to general messes. (J) The bringing of melons into camp is prohibited. (j) Itinerant vendors will be allowed to sell to troops in the vicinity of the camp, only such articles as are in original packages. The sale of all beverages is prohibited. {k) To enforce this order a guard will be posted, if necessary, near the vendor, to prevent men from making unauthorized purchases. 11. Kitchen refuse will be burned. That which is incombustible will be passed through the Are and buried in pits dug for that purpose. 1 2 . Greasy water will be evaporated in kitchen pits. Such wastes will be reduced to a minimum. 13. Tents will be ditched if the weather is inclement or unsettled. 14. Personal Hygiene. — Men will preserve cleanliness in tents, clothing and persons. Bathing after the march will be encouraged. 15. Company Officers will exercise personal care in providing their 18 194 FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION commands with properly fitting clothing, especially shoes and socks. The internal measure of shoes will be at least f inch longer than the foot. 1 6. A Medical Officer will inspect the feet of infantry soldiers at frequent intervals until, in his opinion, the men have learned to care for them. 17. Semi-monthly inspections of the command will be made by a Medical Officer to determine its cleanliness and freedom from disease. These will be made before the 15th and 30th of each month and will be attended by an Officer from the respective company. 18. Men will be instructed concerning the dangers attending illi- cit intercourse, the facilities for prophylactic treatment which the regimental infirmary will provide, and the penalties for failing to take this treatment as ordered. 19. The command will be protected from small pox, t3rphoid and parat)rphoid fever. 20. Minor cases will be treated at the regimental infirmaries. 21. Patients with a temperature of 101° or over, will be trans- ferred without delay to the hospital. FOR CAMPS OF A FEW DAYS In camps of a few days occupancy, the following additional regu- lations are recommended. 1. Manure and refuse will be hauled one and a half or two miles from camp, and to a point distant from through roads leading into camp, lest insects be brought in by passing animals. 2. Trench latrines will be dug eight feet deep, two feet wide, and eight feet long and provided with log seats. They will be burned out daily or treated with oil and lampblack if facilities afford. Other- wise each man will cover his deposit. Contents will be covered daily with ashes from the kitchen pits. The latrines wiQ be cared for by a permanent detail, which will fill them in before the command moves. 3. Kitchen floors will be wet down daily, and covered with a thin layer of ashes. ILLUSTRATIVE REGULATIONS' 1 95 4. Areas on which flies cluster will be burned over at once. Fly paper will be hung from the ridge poles of kitchen tents. , Tent flies will be burned out nightly by torches, made of burlap wired to sticks and dipped in oil, by torches of dried brush or other similar devices. $. Tent sites, bedding and equipment will be sunned and aired at least twice ^ach week. 6. Roads through camp will be established and men and animals will travel on them exclusively, as far as circumstances will permit. 7. There will be a general police for the parts of the camp not occupied by organizations. FOR MORE PERMANENT CAMPS The regulations recommended for more permanent camps are appropriate modifications of those given above, as circimistances indicate, or additional regulations as follows, e.g. : 1. Each company will provide three fly traps for use in its kitchen and maintain the same in operation by daily renewal of bait, and emptying as needed. If the facilities permit, kitchens will be screened. 2. No water will be wasted from kitchen faucets. Soakage pits filled with rock will not be constructed aroimd faucets. Dripping water will be arrested by a stone and led away in a ditch. 3. All proper economy will be exercised in the use of water for bathing purposes. Men will bathe, as far as possible, at least twice weekly at specified hours and in regular shifts. Officers will see that no imused faucet is left open. Bathing places will be drained, or the bathing water will be removed in containers. 4. Facilities will be provided if possible where men will wash their hands before meals and after using the latrines. 5. All pools within one thousand yards of the camp will be oiled once weekly. 6. Picket lines will be burned over weekly, using one gallon of oil and fifteen pounds of straw or hay for each animal. 7. Latrines will be dug eight feet deep, two feet wide, and twelve feet long. They will be kept fly proof. If the covers warp, cracks 196 FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION will be covered and the seat covers edged with burlap. Lids will be kept closed when not in use. A closely fitting fly trap will be placed on an imused seat, over each latrine pit that has become infected with flies. Urine troughs will be flushed out and swabbed with crude oil daily. Covers will be lifted off the pits and the latter burned out with fifteen pounds of straw or hay and one gallon of crude oil before nine A. M. daily by a permanent detail. Latrine boxes will be removed when pits are being burned out. Or, if facilities exist, latrines will be treated pref- erably with lampblack and crude oil daily. 8. In the absence of oil or other means, the ashes from the com- pany kitchens will be sprinkled in each company latrine daily, 9. Latrines will be established near communal places used by sol- diers of different units, and cared for by permanent details. 10. Urine tubs will be placed in company streets at taps, removed, emptied and burned out with hay and oil at reveille, and sunned during the day. 11. Laundry facilities will be provided if possible. If water is piped into camp these will be established in sunny places and well drained. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bach, C. A.: The Messing of Troops. Balfour, A.: J. R. A. M. C, 1916, Vol. XXVII, No. i. Craig, C. F.: Prophylaxis of Malaria. Field Service Regulations, U. S. Army. GOODE, H. N.: J. R. A. M. C, 1916, Vol. XXVII, No. 3. Havard, v.: Military Hygiene. Lelean, p. S.: Sanitation in War. Legroux, R.: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 8, No. 7. Lewis and Miller: Recent Developments in Camp Sanitation, The Military Surgeon, Vol. XL, No. 5. Manual for Army Cooks, U. S. Army. Manual for the Quartermaster Corps, U. S. Army. McNee, J. W. AND Renshaw, a.: J. R. A. M. C, Vol. 26, p. 490. Peacock, A. D.: J. R. A. M. C, 1916, Vol. XXVII, No. i. Pike, E. B.: J. R. A. M. C, 191 6, Vol. 24, No. i. RosENAu: Preventive Medicine. Shaw: Transmissible Diseases. ILLUSTRATIVE REGULATIONS 1 97 Solano: Camps, Billets and Cooking. SotTAU, B.: J. R. A. M. C, 1916, Vol. XXVI, No. i. SouLiMA, A. AND Elbest, B.: C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris, LXXVIII, No. 14. Trinca, A. J.: J. R. A. M. C, 1916, Vol. 26, No. i. ToURNADE, A.: La Pratique de THygiene en Campagne. Troussaint: Direction et Service de Sante. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Important Insects Which May Affect the Health of Men and Animals Engaged in Military Operations, Circular No. 61. iqS FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION W) //70 yds j AttRegt. I . I I r I T T i-T T r InfRegt. T T T TA T ^ : InfRejt. L "/oo ioo ArtRyt. r T t T T T ^ =1 r T T Am.Tn. r T T Div.Hdqn. Cai/.Refft. ■■1' I Ink Re^t. T TTTT TTTTT T T P fn/Regt, use of Ptrmansnt Qump Pmnonnml dee P9r 268 300 ^00 SCO L£6ENt> lOM yds. Division. .- .^..^^Hdq'n Permanent CmnpCammmidtr ^ Ambulanco Service TTT Te/e phone and Tbieffnaph Service of Permanent Camp f Division Headquarters t^HAirsofOrssniistioni Camp Limits - t^T,^'T: ^^^^^^^^P^^'^^(^"P^ J^mr.P^-manentl ▼ uamp innrmary A_ JmA»/><.>.^ s.^,^:^^ -r-r-r Telephone "^ Tvice of Pef Personnel. Fig. 119. — Semipermanent camps. Camp of infantry divMon, war strength. This form must often be modified, depending on the nature of the ground and the size of the command as prescribed from time to time in tables of organization. (F. 5. /?.) ILLUSTHATIVE REGULATIONS ,^1 _ _ S/atia', 6uanls and Bladiim^ Shttpt • i Pic. I io.— Semipermanent camps. Camp of a re^ment of cavalry, ;ar strenEth. (F. S. R.) This must be modified in area according to the i!je_o£ the command prescribed by tables of organization. FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION r^sij'^^<^j" D D D l^[ MeaHa and Offices ..^^ ......J.... \aa''^aa"aa oo |na on K]i , •□ •D -D; -0 -Q -D -0 _ D nl 3 D D D a D 0' a a a D DDDlDDOa ____, aoDiDDDD nnnDl D; D D D DI D D D Dl D D D Dj D D D '^r^\ •0 -D -Q 'Pi D a D Q a a D a • D a D Dl -DDQ ana-^ DDDD □□PD □ DDD PDDD DDDD Dana □ DDD DDDD DDon panD DDDO DDDQ DDDD' □DDQ! n □aDnnaH' D a D ai D D D D! D D a D: D D □ Dl D D a a> D D a n! SdBalta/iooi rSSo^ ; t3| Cm Cm f I ^SS ?rL ^' 1 DD n'ob n I cLiC: FiQ. lai. — Semipermanent camps. Camp of a resiment of infantry, mar strength. 19.8 Acres. {P. S. R.) Area modified by strength o£ Drgaiiization prescribed from time to time in tables of organisation. nxnSTKATIVE REOtTLATIONS "7 "oQJSfnDolDMr'^^TJr 1 Btttirr o/flitrr^ Line ■D n D n D D DrtiD G D n D D D □ D D D D a D D D D □ a D D D D a D D D D D n D D D D D D D a D D □ D a D D a D D a a o a D D a D D D D D oissg p D a d a nru D a D o D D D D a a D D D a a D n D D D D D a a D D D D D D D D D D D D D a D n D D D D o a Di D a D D D D □ i D O D D DO D| a n Q D D D D D D D D D a i 1^1 Stable SoonhmilBbciimiHiSlHpi £].,a.D..a.D..D.. "■ " " D..aL.a-D..a..D-^..DJ nitti>i^^afMIB1llKii,SigrmlInoiis.aOx3IO»ls.(S.IAcni)M^aflenur AtMMbiaiiitin,aQ'27S'Ma.aiAiTK)naBit^Kmif Batlalion ^ SrtHltiy. Pig. 131. — Semipermanent camps. Camp of a regiment of artillery, nar strength. (F. S. R.') Area modtSed to conform to strength pre- scribed from time to time in tables of organization. riELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION 'D-fl -Q -Q: EbP U c= I •tkk D D D DDD w. ■D-n Sstfi a If A" Bs^l [li.J W. :| "ff-ft-g! { Mtifilal, JatlimrmpiMitaarylj u ^ Jyj'.rV; ; n^red(fS.R.267) CtmevfAmU.muaiimxmtTaK^ S CaiT^ ^Jup 7n inducing &ty ti>. mybipla. . J ntnMts camp ioydi.and 'iing length no yhs- FiG. 133. — Semipermanent camps. Camps of tmios. War strength. (P. 5. A.) Area modified from time to time to conform to strength pre- Ecribed by tables of organization. ILLUSTRATIVE REGULATIONS Fig. ia4.-^Field hospital camp. (F. S. R.) 304 FIELD HYGIENE AMD SANITATION Plts.r-i Mess\ Sgts.[n p 2nC Amb. PhM 5 3rd. Amb. PMltoii D C C D is D '''^[] -Wess Amb Platoon I I D Guard FiQ, z as. —Temporary camp. Ambulance Co. 30 X lS$ yds. ILLUSTRATIVE S£GULATIONS -J Officers 3 CqoXs fly a Cooks □ o- D Wa^OTS D D Ssts. 1 , g X § D D 1* D- D D Bearers 5 \f=l- D □ drivers s D rack V n D I" ^ D D D' D n D Amb Platoon Ami. Tlatoon D n 3rd Amb. □J Platoon n Vfasoners D trFarrist OBuard 206 FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION Bill of Materials (Fig. 127) Four showers for officers Posts 10 — 12'0" Sills 6 Pes. 2"X6"Xio' 0" Joists. S Pes. 2"X4"X 16' o" Girts a Pes. 2"X4"X 18" o" Girts S Pes. 2"X4"X 16' o" Girts 2 Pes. 2"X4"X 12' o" Girts 2 Pes. 2"X4"X 10' 0" Girts I Pc. 2"X4"Xi6' o" Seat I Pc. 2"X8"X 16' 0" Flooring T. and G 190 Ft. B. M. Boarding 52 Pes. i"X i2"Xs' 6" Paper or cloth if used. ... 320 Sq. ft. Shower heads, pipe, hold- ers, cocks, etc 4-5" . Nails Sib. i6d. Nails if board is used 8 lb. 8d. Nails if paper or cloth is used 4 lb. 8d. Labor, carpenter 15 hours. Twelve showers for enlisted men i8-ia'o" 14 Pes. 2"X6"io'o" 15 Pes. 2"X4"Xi4'o" 2 Pes. 2"X4"Xi8'o" 2 Pes. 2"X4"Xi6'o" 2 Pes. 2"X4"Xi2'o" 19 Pes. 2"X4"Xi4'o" 3 Pes. 2"X6"Xi4'o" 3 Pes. a"X8"Xi6'of' S2S Ft. B. M. 106 Pes. i"Xi2"Xs'6" 600 Sq. ft. 12-S" 14 lb. i6d. 21 lb. 8d. 10 lb. 8d. 36 hours. ILLUSTRATIVE REGULATIONS roofcovenngis Section A-A W if roof if covering is not desired ^^N - £nd Elevation Side Elevation if— 5 1 i^iFvtaitHitt^Dor i-J^O^ ~4i-*ftrtixbtMsortmel<nihotarsfortneiMim — — — ■ ■ »! Plan Bath House Fig. 127.— Bath house. (Q. M. D.) 208 FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION Bill of Materials (Fig. 128) (Wood,) 28 Pes. i" X 12" X 18' 0"= roofing 12 Pes. i" X 8" X 18' o" = shiplap sides 11 Pes. 2" X 4" X 12' o" = rafters and braees 1 Pes. 2" X 6" X 16' o" = ridge 2 Pes. 4" X 4" X 14' o" = eomer posts 7 Pes. 2" X 4" X 14' o" = studs 2 Pes. 2" X 4" X 10' o" = studs in gables 12 Pes. 2" X 4" X 16' o" = plates and sills 4 Pes. i" X 4" X 12' o" = barge board 11 Pes. i" X 4" X 10' o" « braces 10 Pkgs. 6d. nails 15 Pkgs, 8d. nails 20 Pkgs. i6d. nails 12 Pes. i" X 8" X 14' o" = shiplap ends 8 Pes. i" X 8" X 18' o" = shiplap gables 3 Pes. i" X 4" X 18' o" = rafter ends and ridge 2 Pes. 2' 6" X 6' 6" = screen doors complete 2 Pes. i" X 10" X 16' o" = frieze board 20 yd. screening 36" 4 Packs tacks. Labor, carpenter, 40 hours. 212 FIELD HYGIENE AND SANITATION Bill of Materials (Fig. One box and enclosure Top of box 2 Pes. i"X ia"X8' o" Front of box a Pes. i"X 8"X8' o" Rear of box 2 Pes. i"X xo"X8' o" Ends of box i Pc. i"X d"X8' o" Seat covers i Pc. i"X i2"X 7' 0" Seat covers i Pc. i"X 2"X7' o" Battens and strips (if T. and G. material is used, battens can be omitted) 8 Pes. i"X 2"X8' 0" Frame for box i Pc. 2"X2"X4'6" Frame for box a Pes. a"X 4"X9' o" Front plank under box ...