ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION (Part 4)

or substance. Humerus (bone). (From the Latin, "arm.") The long bone of the arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow. Hyaline. Resembling glass. Hymen. The portion of mucous membrane which partially occludes the opening of the vagina. Hyoid (bone). (Having the form of the Greek letter upsilon T.) A bone situated between the root of the tongue and the larynx, supporting the tongue and giving attachment to some of the muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and floor of the mouth. Hyperemic. Pertaining to the excessive blood in a part (hyperemia). Hypochondriac. Pertaining to the hypochondrium. Hypochondrium. The upper lateral surface of the abdomen and thorax corresponding to the lower ribs. Hypogastrium. The lower anterior surface of the abdomen above the pubes. H3rpothenar. The fleshy eminence on the palm of the hand over the metacarpal bone of the little finger. Heum. (From the Greek word meaning to roll.) The lower portion of the small intestine ending in the cecum. Hiopectineal. (From the Latin words ihum, "flank;" pectens, "comb.") The line pertaining conjointly to the ilium and os pubis (bones) . Iliotibial (band). (From the Latin words ilium, "flank;" tibia, "tibia.") The thickened portion of the fascia lata of the thigh which extends from the ilium to the tibia. nium (bone). Latin, "the flank.") The superior expanded portion of the innominate bone. Impregnation. (From the Latin word impregnare, "to impreg- nate.") The act of rendering pregnant; fecundation. Inferior Obliquus Oculi (muscle). The inferior oblique of the eye-ball. Infundibulum. (From the Latin word infundere, "to pour into.") A funnel-shaped passage or part. Inguinal. (From inguen, "the groin.") Pertaining to the groin. Inhibitor (nerve). (From the Latin inhibere, "to check.") To check or hold back. Inhibitor nerve: One which has a controlling influence upon a nerve conveying impulses to certain organs and tissues of the body. GLOSSARY 445 Innominate. (From the Latin words in, "without;" nomen, "a name.") Unnamed, unnamable; as innominate bone or artery, due to its not resembUng any known object. Inorganic. Not organic; not produced by animal or vegetable organ- isms, as an inorganic compound. Insalivation. (From the Latin words in, "in;" saliva, "the spittle.") The act of mixing the food with saliva when chewed (mastication) . Inter. (From the Latin word inter, "between.") Between any structures. Interarticular. Between joints. Interauricular. Between the auricles of the heart. Intercellular. Between the cells. Intercondylar. Between the condyles, as the intercondylar notch of the femur bone. Intercostal. Between the ribs, as intercostal muscles, arteries, nerves, and spaces. Interlobular. Between the lobules of the liver, referring to inter- lobular veins and arteries. Intermuscular (septa). Between muscles. Interosseous. Between bones. Intertrochanteric (line). Between the trochanters of femur. Interventricular. Between the ventricles of the heart. Intralobular. (From the Latin words intra, "within;" lobulus, "a little lobe.") Within a lobule, as an intralobular vein of liver. Intrinsic. (From the Latin word intrinsecus, "on the inside.") Inherent, situated within; peculiar to a part, as the intrinsic muscles of the eye. Involuntary. (From the Latin words in, "not;" velle, "to will.") Performed or acting independently of the will, as involuntary muscle. Ischium. The bone forming the back and lower part of the innomi- nate bone. Jejunum. (From the Latin word jejenus, "empty;" because it is usually found empty after death.) The second portion of the small intestine extending between the duodenum and ileum and measuring about eight feet in length. Katabolism. Physiologic disintegration of the products of metab- olism. The opposite of anabolism. (See Anabolism.) Kinetic (energy). (From the Greek word meaning to move.) Producing motion. Labyrinth. (From the Greek word meaning a maze.) The name given to the series of cavities of the internal ear comprising the vesti- bule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. Lacrimal. (From the Latin word lacrima, "a tear.") Pertaining to the tears, or the organs containing or secreting them. Lactation. (From the Latin word lactere, "to suckle.") The period during which the child is nourished from the breast. Lacteal. (From the Latin word lac, "milk.") Resembhng milk. Any one of the lymphatic ducts of the villi of the small intestine which take up the chyle; the chyle resembling milk as to color. Lacuna (pi. se). (From the Latin word lacus, "a lake.") A lake, as the lacunae of bone construction. Lamella (pi. ae). (Dim. of the Latin word lamina, "a plate.") A thin scale or plate. 446 GLOSSARY Lamina (pi. se). Latin. A plate. Lamina Spiralis. A spiral plate. Larjmx. The organ of voice situated between the base of the tongue and the trachea. Lateral. (From the Latin word latus, ''the side.") At, belonging to, or pertaining to the side. Situated on either side of the middle vertical plane. Latissimus Dorsi (muscle). The widest of the back. Levator Anguli Oris. The elevator of the angle of the mouth. Levator Labii Superioris Alseque Nasi. The elevator of the upper lip and the wing of the nose. Levator Menti. The elevator of the chin. Levator Palati. The elevator of the palate. Levator Palpebrse Superioris. The elevator of the upper eyelid. Leukocyte. A white-blood cell or corpuscle, seen in the blood; microscopic. Ligamentum Patellae. The ligament of the patella (knee-cap bone) . Linea Alba. White line. Linea Aspera. Rough line on the posterior aspect of the femur. Linea Semilunaris. (From the Latin words linea, "a line;" semi- lunaris, from semi, "half;" luna, "a moon.") The line resembling a half moon in shape. Linea Transversa. The transverse line. Liter. (From the Latin word litra, "a pound.") The unit of capa- city in the metric system. One liter equals 1.76 pints. Lobule. (From the Latin word lobulus, dim. of lobus, "a lobe.") A small lobe. Locomotion. (From the Latin words locus, "a place;" motio, "motion," from movere, "to move.") The act of moving from place to place, as in walking, etc. Lumbar. (From the Latin word lumbus, "a loin.") Pertaining to the loins or lower part of back. Lymphocyte. A lymph cell. Belonging to the group of white cells. Seen in the blood; microscopic. Lymphoid. Having the appearance or character of lymph. Major Calices. The larger calices (see Calices). Malar. (From the Latin word mala, "cheek.") Pertaining to the cheek bone. The bone of the prominence of the cheek. Malleolus. (Dim. of the Latin word malleus, "a hammer.") A part or process of bone having a hammer-head shape. As the malleolus of the tibia and fibula. Mandible. (From the Latin word mandere, "to chew.") The jaw bone. Mastication. (Frgm the Latin word masticare, "to chew.") The act of chewing. Mastoid. (Resembling the shape of a nipple.) Pertaining to the mastoid process. Maxilla (jaw bone). The bone of the upper or lower jaw. Maximus. The greatest. Meatus. (From the Latin word, meare, "to flow or pass.") An opening or passage. Auditory meatus, etc. Medius. The middle. GLOSSARY 447 Medulla. The marrow. Anything resembling marrow, as the medulla oblongata. Also the central part of an organ. Medullated. Containing or covered by a substance resembling medulla or marrow. Medullated nerves covered with a myelin sheath. Mediastinuxxi. (From the' Latin words in, medio, stare, "to stand in the middle.") The space in the middle of the chest between the two pleurae, divided into anterior, middle, posterior, and superior mediastinum. Membrane. (From the Latin word membrana, from membrum, "a member.") A thin layer of tissue lining or surrounding a part or separating adjacent cavities. Mesentery. A fold of peritoneum which connects the intestine with the posterior abdominal wall. Meshes. Net-work, reticular. Mesocolon. The fold of peritoneum connecting the colon with the posterior abdominal wall. Mesoderm. The middle layer of the blastodermic vesicle of the embryo, derived from both the ecto- and entoderm. Mesogastrium or Umbilical. The region corresponding to the part of the abdominal wall surrounding the umbilicus (navel). Metabolism. The group of phenomena occurring in the tissues whereby the organic beings transform foodstuffs into complex tissue elements (anabolism), and convert complex substances into simple ones in the production of energy (katabolism) . Metacarpal. Relating to the metacarpus. Metacarpus. (From the Greek words meaning beyond the wrist.) That part of the hand between the bones of the wrist and the bones of the fingers. Metatarsal. Pertaining to the metatarsus. Metatarsus. (From the Greek words meaning beyond the instep.) That part of the foot between the bones of the instep and the bones of the toes. Micturition. (From the Latin word micturire, "to pass water.") The act of passing urine. Millimeter (mm.). The thousandth part of a meter. Equal to 0.039370 inch. Minimus. The least, smallest. Minor. The lesser, smaller. Minor Calices. The smaller calices. Mitral (bicuspid). (Resembling a miter, a covering for the head worn by popes, bishops, and cardinals.) The valves of the left auriculo- ventricular opening of the heart. Molecular. (From the Latin word mole, "a mass"). Pertaining to or composed of molecules. Molecule. (From the Latin word, a dim. of moles, "mass.") The minute portion of matter. In physics the smallest quantity into which a substance can be divided and retain its characteristic properties; or the smallest quantity of any gas, liquid, or solid that can exist in a free state. Motor. (From the Latin word movere, "to move.") Moving or causing motion. Concerned or pertaining to motion, as motor cells, motor nerves, motor centre. 448 GLOSSARY Mucous. Containing or having the nature of mucous. Multipolar. (From the Latin words multus, many; polus, "a pole.") Having many poles, as multipolar nerve cells, having many processes. Myelinic. Relating to myelinic nerve fibers, those possessing a myelin sheath. Myocardium. The muscular tissue of the heart. Myosin. (From the Greek word meaning muscle.) A protein of the globuhn class, found in coagulated muscle-plasma, and formed from the antecedent globulin myosinogen. "* Naris (pi. es). (From the Latin word n-aris, "the nostril.") One of a pair of openings at the anterior or posterior part respectively of the nose. Nasal. (From the Latin word nasus, "the nose.") Pertaining to the nose. Nervus Intermedins. The nerve situated between, as the Nervus intermedius between the facial and auditory nerves. Neural (canal). Pertaining to nerves. Neural canal: The bony canal comprising the cavity of the cranium and vertebral column which contains the central nerve system. Neurilemma. The sheath encasing a nerve fiber. ^ Neuroglia. The tissue forming the basis of the supporting frame- work of the nerve tissue. It consists of gha cells. Neurone or Nerve Cell. One of the countless number of units of which the nerve system is composed. The basis for all nerve tissue activity. Node. (From the Latin word nodus, "a swelling.") A knob, swelling, or protuberance. Nodvde. (Nodulus, dim. of nodus, "a swelling.") A small node or swelling. Nucha (pi. ae). (Ligamentum nuchae.) (From the Latin word nucha, "nape of neck.") The ligament of the nape of the neck. Nucleated. Possessing a nucleus. Nucleolus. (Dim. of nucleus from nux, " a nut.") The small rounded body within the cell nucleus. Nucleus. (From the Latin word nux, "a nut.") The essential part of a typical cell, usually round in outhne, and situated near the centre. Nutrient Canal. One that affords nourishment, as the nutrient canal of a bone, which contains a nutrient artery. Obturator. (From the Latin word obturare, "to stop up.") That which closes an opening; as obturator membrane or foramen of innomi- nate bone. Occipital (bone). Pertaining to the occiput. (See Occiput.) Occipitofrontalis (muscle). From the occiput to the forehead. Occiput. (From the Latin words ob, "against;" caput, "the head.") The back part of the head. Odontoid. Resembling a tooth. Olecranon (process) . The large convex portion of the back part of the upper end of the ulna. The point of the elbow felt beneath the skin. Olfactory. (From the Latin word olfacere, "to smell.") Pertaining to the sense of smell. GLOSSARY 449 Omentum. Any fold of peritoneum attaching an organ to the stomach. The greater omentum overhes the small intestines like an apron. Opponens. (From the Latin words ob, "against;" ponere, "to place.") Opposing. Opponens Minimi Digit! (muscle). The muscle which places the little finger opposite to the thumb. Opponens Pollicis (muscle). The muscle which places the thumb opposite to the little finger. Optic Chiasm. (See Chiasm.) Orbicularis Oris (muscle). From the Latin word orbiculus, a dim. of orbis, "a circle.") The circular one of the mouth. Orbicularis Palpebrarum (muscle). The circular one of the eyelids. Orbit. (From the Latin word orbita, from orbis, "a circle.") The bony pyramidal cavity containing the eye and its muscles, etc. Orbital. Pertaining to the orbit. Organic. (From the Greek word meaning an organ.) Having or pertaining to, or characterized by organs; relating to the animal and vegetable worlds; affecting the structure of organs. Orifice. (From the Latin words orificium; os, "a mouth;" facere, "to make.") An opening or outlet of hollow organs, or between organs. Os Innominata (bone) (pi. ossa innominatse). (From the Latin OS, "a bone;" innominata, in, "without;" nomen, "a name.") The nameless bone, due to its not resembling any known object. Os Magnum. (The great bone.) The third bone of the second row of carpal bones (bones of the wrist). Osmosis. (The passage of liquids and substances in solution through porous septa (a partition). Osseocartilaginous. Formed of, or pertaining to bone and cartilage as one. Ossicle. (From the Latin word ossiculum, a dim. of os, "a bone.") A small bone. Auditory ossicles or chain of small bones found in the middle ear. They are the incus, stapes, and malleus. Ossification. From the Latin words os, " a bone;" facere, "to make.") The process of bone formation. Osteoblasts. Cells concerned in the formation of bony tissue durinp; osriifi^"^'''^^^ Osteoclasts. The multinuclear (many nuclei) cells found against the surface of bone in little eroded depressions (Howship's fovea), and concerned in the removal of bone. Ostium Uterinum or Uteri. The mouth of the uterus (womb) . Ovum. (From the Latin word ovum, "an egg.") The reproductive cell of an animal or vegetable, an egg. Oxidation. (From the Greek word meaning sharp.) The act or process of combining with oxygen, as the hemoglobin of the red cells does during respiration, and the cells of the tissues combine with it as the hemoglobin of the red cells in the blood gives it up upon reaching them. Oxidation is essential to body metabolism. Oxygen. Is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas, one of the non- metallic elements. It constitutes one-fifth of the atmosphere, eight- ninths of water, three-fourths of organized bodies, and about one-half 29 450 GLOSSARY the crust of the globe. It is essential to combustion or burning with the elimination of heat and light when oxidation takes place. It is not a food, but is essential to the act of respiration. Its absence causes asphyxia or suffocation. Palate. The roof of the mouth. Palmaris Brevis (muscle). The short one of the palm. Palmaris Longus (muscle). The long one of the palm. Palpebral. Pertaining to the eyelid. Papilla (pi. se). (From the Latin papilla, "a nipple.") A small nipple-like eminence. Parietal. (From the Latin word paries, "a wall.") Forming or pertaining to the wall of a cavity, or portion of a membrane attached to it, as parietal peritoneum, etc. Pars Intermedius. The part between, referring to the nervus intermedins.) (See N. intermedius.) Parturition. (From the Latin word parturitio, from partuire, "to bring forth.") The act of giving birth to the young. Patella (bone). (From the Latin word a dim. of patera, "a shallow dish.") The knee-pan, or knee-cap; a round small bone in front of the knee, developed in the tendon of the quadriceps extensor muscle. Pectoral. (From the Latin word pectus, "a breast.") Pertaining to the chest. Pectoralis Major (muscle). The larger one of the chest. Pectoralis Minor (muscle). The smaller one of the chest. Pedicle. (From the Latin word pediculus, dim. of pes, pedis, "a foot.") A slender process acting as a foot or stem. Peduncle. (From pedunculus, a dim. of pes, "a foot.") A narrow part acting as a support. Pelvic. Pertaining to the pelvis. Pelvis. (From the Latin word pelvis, "a basin.") A basin-shaped cavity. The bony ring formed by the two innominate bones and the sacrum and coccyx. Peptone. The final protein body or substance formed by the action of ferments on albumins during gastric and pancreatic digestion. Peri. A Greek prefix signifying around. Pericardium. (Around the heart.) The serous membrane sur- rounding the heart. Perichondrium. The fibrous connective tissue surrounding the surface of cartilage. Perimysium. (Around a muscle.) The connective tissue surrounding the primary bundles of muscle fibers. Perineum. That portion of the body corresponding to the struc- tures overlying the outlet of the pelvis. Periosteum. (Around bone.) A fibrous membrane investing the surface of bones. Peripheral. Pertaining to or placed near the periphery. Periphery. (From the Greek words meaning around, to carry.) The circurnference; the external surface, or extreme portions of the body or an organ. Peristalsis. A peculiar wave-like movement seen in tubes provided with longitudinal, transverse, and oblique muscle fibers, as the intes- tinal canal, stomach, etc. GLOSSARY 451 Peristaltic. Pertaining to peristalsis. Peritendineum. (Around a tendon.) The fibrous sheath investing the small bundles of tendon fibers. Peritoneum. (From the Greek words meaning around, to stretch.) The serous membrane lining the interior of the abdominal cavity and surrounding the contained viscera. It forms folds for the support of organs called ligaments (of liver, uterus, etc.); attaches organs to each other, as omentum when another organ is connected to the stomach, thus gastrosplenic omentum; as the intestines are held to the posterior abdominal wall: thus the mesentery; as the colon is attached to the wall of the abdomen : thus the mesocolon. The organs behind the peritoneum are spoken of as retroperitoneal organs. Peroneal. Pertaining to the fibula bone. The region overlying the fibula. Peroneus Brevis (muscle). The short peroneal. Pferoneus Longus (muscle). The long peroneal. Pes Anserinus. (From the Latin word pes, "a, foot;" anserinus, "a goose")- A goose foot; named, as the branches of the facial nerve are supposed to spread hke the toes of a goose foot. Petrous. (From Greek word meaning rock, stony, of the hardness of