- How is the cardiac cycle divided? 23. How long does the cycle of the heart last? How divided? 24. Give the normal beat of the heart per minute in an adult. Fetus. First year of life. Third year. Eighth to fourteenth year. 25. At what point on the chest wall can the beat of the heart be heard best? 26. What causes the first sound of the heart? Second sound? 27. Describe briefly the fetal circulation. 28. Give the changes in the fetal circulation following birth. 29. Name the coats of an artery. 30. What variety of tissue renders arteries so elastic? 31. Why is the elasticity of the arterial wall so essential? 32. What causes arteries to contract? 33. What do you understand by the term vasa vasorum? 34. What are small arteries called? Veins? 35. What forms the walls of capillaries? 36. What are the functions of the capillaries? 37. How many coats form the wall of a vein? 38. Do some veins possess valves? 224 THE CIRCULATORY APPARATUS 39. What is the pulse? 40. Where is the pulse usually counted best? 41. What is the pulse due to? 42. What do you understand by a frequent or infrequent pulse? Hard or soft? Tense or compressible? Large, full, or small? 43. Define blood pressure. 44. What do you understand by the term peripheral resistance? 45. How can you differentiate a hemorrhage from a vein or artery? 46. What causes the difference in character of an arterial from a venous hemorrhage? 47. What vessels carry the blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs? 48. How does the blood leave the left ventricle of the heart? 49. How does the blood from the lungs reach the left auricle of the heart? 50. What large vein empties the systemic blood into the right auricle of the heart? 51. What are the divisions of the aorta. 52. Name the arteries supplying the following organs: stomach, kidney, liver, heart, lungs, uterus, large bowel, appendix. 53. Give the location of the superficial and deep palmar arches in the palm of the hand. 54. What are the branches of the transverse arch of the aorta? 55. What veins form the portal vein? 56. Name the organs which are drained by the portal vein and its tributaries. 57. What is the function of the blood? 58 Is blood alkaline or acid in reaction? What is the color of arterial blood? Venous blood? 59. What causes the red color of arterial blood? The bluish color of venous blood? 60. What are the constituents of blood? 61. What is the function of fibrinogen in blood? 62. Is sugar found in the blood? Fat? 63. What are the dimensions of a red cell? 64. Describe the appearance of blood under the microscope. 65. What is the function of the hemoglobin in the red cells? 66. What is the normal average number of red cells found in one cubic millimeter of blood in the male? Female? 67. What is the normal average number of white cells found in a cubic millimeter of blood? 68. What do you understand by the terms diapedesis, phagocytosis? 69. Describe the coagulation (clotting) of blood. 70. What are the functions of the white cells?
Key Takeaways
- Understanding the cardiac cycle and heart rate in different age groups is crucial for assessing patient condition.
- Recognizing the differences between arterial and venous hemorrhages can guide appropriate first aid measures.
- Knowledge of blood vessel anatomy, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, aids in understanding circulation.
Practical Tips
- Learn to identify the location of the heart beat on a patient's chest for quick assessment.
- Understand that arterial bleeding is more dangerous due to its higher pressure compared to venous bleeding.
- Recognize the importance of maintaining proper blood flow and pressure in emergency situations.
Warnings & Risks
- Incorrect application of tourniquets or other hemostatic techniques can lead to serious complications if not done properly.
- Ignoring signs of shock, such as rapid pulse and low blood pressure, can worsen a patient's condition.
- Misdiagnosing the type of hemorrhage (arterial vs. venous) without proper knowledge can result in ineffective treatment.
Modern Application
While much of this chapter provides foundational knowledge on the cardiovascular system, modern techniques such as advanced hemostatic agents and rapid trauma care have improved emergency response. However, understanding basic principles like heart rate, blood pressure, and vessel anatomy remains crucial for any survival situation where immediate medical attention is not available.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How can you differentiate between arterial and venous hemorrhages?
Arterial bleeding is characterized by bright red blood that spurts out in pulses, while venous bleeding is dark red and flows steadily. Arterial bleeding is more dangerous due to its higher pressure.
Q: What are the normal heart rates for different age groups?
The normal heart rate per minute varies by age: adult (60-100), fetus (120-160), first year of life (80-150), third year (70-130), eighth to fourteenth year (70-110).
Q: What are the functions of capillaries?
Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.