ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION (Part 3)

the ovum. Corrugator Supercilii (muscle). The wrinkler of the eyebrow. Cortex. (From the Latin word cortex, "bark.") The bark of a tree, hence the outer covering, as the cortex cerebri, covering of the cerebrum; cortex renalis, covering of the kidney; The outer portion of an organ is called the cortex, Costa (pi. se). (From the Latin word costa, "a rib.") The rib. Costal. Pertaining to the rib. "• Cranium. (From the Greek word meaning cranium). The bony cavity that contains the brain, its membranes and vessels. Cribriform. (From the Latin word cribrum, "a sieve;" forma, "form."; Perforated like a sieve. Cricoid. Ring-shaped. Cricothyroid. Pertaining to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages. Crista (GalK). (From the Latin word crista, "crest.") The crista galli; cock's crest. Crucial. (From the Latin word crux, "a cross.") Resembling a cross. Crura Cerebri. (The legs of the cerebrum.) The peduncles of the cerebrum which connect it with the pons Crura cerebelli; any one of the cerebellar peduncles. Crus (pi. crura). (From the Latin word crus, "a leg, support.") Cubic Centimeter (c.c). Is the unit of measurement used in the metric system for fluids in place of the gram; one cubic centimeter representing 1 fluid gram. Cuboid. Resembling a cube. Cuboidal. Nearly like the shape of a cube. Cuneiform. From the Latin words cuneus, "a wedge;" forma, "shape.") Wedge-shaped. Cutaneous. (From the Latin word cutis, "skin.") Pertaining to the skin. 438 GLOSSARY Cuticle. (Dim. of cutis.) The epidermis (upper layer of skin). Cutis (skin). The derma or true skin. Cyanotic. Referring to cyanosis (a bluish discoloration of the skin and lips from deficient oxidation of the blood, caused by local or general circulatory disturbance). Cylindrical. Having the form of a cylinder. Cystic. (From the Greek word meaning a pouch). Pertaining to or resembling a pouch. Pertaining to the gall-bladder. Deciduous. (From the Latin words de, ''from;" cadere, "to fall.) Falling off. The deciduous teeth; temporary or milk teeth. Decussate. (From the Latin word decussatus, "crossed.") To intersect, to cross. Decussation. (From the Latin word decussatio, a crossing.) An X-shape crossing, especially of symmetric parts, as of nerve fibers, nerve tracts. The chief decussations are that of the optic nerves in the chiasm, and that of the crossed pyramidal tracts in the medulla. Defecation. The evacuation of the bowels. Deglutition. (From the Latin word deglutitio, "a swallowing.") The act of swallowing, food, water, etc. Deltoid (muscle). Having the shape of the Greek letter Delta, A; triangular. Dendraxones. Branching in appearance, like a tree. Dendrite. (From the Greek word meaning a tree.) Branching like a tree. The processes of a nerve cell or neurone which increases its functional surface for the conduction of nerve impulses. Dentations. Resembling the form of a tooth, as a toothed or serrated edge. Dentoplasm. A tooth-like arrangement of the plasma. Depressors. (From the Latin word deprimere, "to depress.") A group of muscles which depress or lower any bone or organs by their contractions. Depressor Alas Nasi. Depressor of the wing of the nose. Depressor Anguli Oris. Depressor of the angle of the mouth. Depressor Labii Inferioris. Depressor of the lower lip. ^ Derma. (From the Greek word meaning the skin.) The true skin. Dextroses. (From the Latin word dexter, "right.") A group of sugars that rotate polarized light to the right. Dialysis. The separation of several substances from each other in solution by taking advantage of their different diffusibility through porous membranes. Those that pass through readily are termed crystalloids, those that do not colloids. Diaphragm. (From the Greek words meaning across and wall.) The musculomembranous partition which separates the thorax from the abdomen. Diapedesis. The passage of the blood through the unruptured vessel wall. Diarthrosis. The connection of two bones admitting of free motion between them, as at the articulations. Diastole. (From the Greek word meaning a drawing apart ) The period of dilatation of a chamber of the heart. Diffuse. Scattered; not limited to one tissue or spot. Digastric (muscle). Having two bellies. GLOSSARY ' 439 Digestion. (From the Latin word digerere, "to digest.") Those processes whereby the food taken into the aUmentary canal is made capable of being absorbed and assimilated by the tissues. Dilator Naris Anterior (muscle). Anterior dilator of the nostril. Dilator Naris Posterior (muscle). Posterior dilator of the nostril. Diploblast. (From the Greek words meaning double sprout.) Formed of two layers. Diploe. (From the Greek word meaning a fold.) The cancellous bony tissue between the outer and inner tables of the skull. Disintegration. (From the Latin words dis, "apart; "integer, the whole.") The act of breaking up or decomposing. Distal. (From the Latin word distare, "to be at a distance.") Extreme; at the greatest distance from a central point. Diverging. To proceed from a common point in different directions. Dorsal. (From the Latin word dorsum, "back.") Pertaining to the back of the body or organ, etc. Dorsalis Pedis. The back of the foot. Dorsum. The back or posterior of the body, organ, etc. (See Dorsal.) Duct. (From the Latin word ducere, "to lead.") A tube or channel, especially one for conveying the secretions of a gland. Ductus Arteriosus. A short vessel in the fetus connecting the pulmonary artery with the aorta. Ductus Communicus Choledochus. The common bile duct. (Literally, the duct which receives the bile.) The common excretory duct of the Hver and gall-bladder. Ductus Venosus. A branch of the umbilical vein in the fetus which empties directly into the ascending vena cava. Duodenum. (From the Latin word duodeni, "twelve each." So called because it is about twelve finger-breadths in length.) The first part of the small intestine . Dura Mater. (From the Latin words dura, "hard;" mater, "mother.") The fibrous membrane forming the outer covering of the brain and spinal cord. Ectoderm. (From the Greek words meaning outside, the skin.) The outer of the two primitive layers of the blastodermic vesicle in the embryo. Edema. Is a swelling of the subcutaneous tissues of the body due to an abnormal or excessive transudation of the fluid portion of the blood into or its abnormal retention in the lymph spaces. Efferent. (From the Latin word efferens, "carrying from.") Carry- ing away, as the efferent nerves conveying impulses away from the central nerve system; also bloodvessels and lymphatic vessels con- veying blood and lymph respectively from the tissues. Embryo. (From the Greek words meaning within, to swell with). The product of conception up to the fourth month. Embryonic. Pertaining to the embryo. Emissive. Sending out, as nerve impulses. Enarthrosis. A ball-and-socket joint. Like the articulation of the hip and femur. Encephalon. (From the Greek word meaning brain.) Brain. Endo. A prefix meaning within. 44d GLOSSARY Endocardium. (Within the heart.) The serous membrane lining the interior of the heart. Endolymph. The fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the ear, Endomysium. (Within a muscle.) The connective tissue between the fibrils of a muscle bundle. Endoneurium. (Within a nerve.) The delicate connective tissue holding together the fibrils of a bundle of nerves. Endosteum. (Within the bone.) The vascular membranous layer of connective tissue lining the medullary cavity of long bones. Endothelial (cells). Flat cells found on the inner surface of vessels and spaces that do not communicate with the external air. Endothelium. (From the Greek words meaning within, the nipple.) See Endothelial (cell). Entoderm. (From the Greek words meaning within, skin). The inner of the two layers of cells in the blastodermic vesicles of the embryo. Enzyme. Any ferment formed within the living organism. Ependymal. Relating to the ependyma — the lining membrane of the cerebral ventricles and of the central canal of the spinal cord. Epiblast. Same as ectoderm. (See ectoderm.) Epicranial. Relating to epicranium; the structures covering the cranium. Epidermis. (From the Greek words meaning upon, the skin.) The outer or superficial layer of the skin. Epigastric. Relating to the epigastrium. Epigastrium. (From the Greek words meaning upon, the stomach.) The upper and middle part of the abdominal surface, corresponding to the location of the stomach. Epimysium. (Upon a muscle.) The sheath of areolar tissue sur- rounding a muscle. Epineurium. (Upon a nerve.) The connective-tissue sheath of a nerve trunk. Epiphysis. (From the Greek words meaning upon, to grow.) A process of bone attached for a time to another bone by cartilage, but soon becoming consolidated with the principal bone. Epitendinium. (Upon a tendon.) The connective-tissue sheath of a tendon. Epithelial. (From the Greek words meaning upon, a nipple.) Per- taining to epithelium. Epithelium. (Upon a nipple.) The group of cells that forms the epidermis (outer skin), that lines all membranes of canals that com- municate with the external air, and that are specialized for secretion in certain glands, as the liver, kidney, etc. Equilibrium. (From the Latin words aequus "equal;" libra, "balance.") A state of balance. • Erythrocyte. A red-blood corpuscle (a small body). Esophagus or (Esophagus. (From the Greek words meaning to carry, to eat.) The gullet. The musculomembranous canal, about 9 inches long, extending from the pharynx to the cardiac end of the stomach. Ethmoid (bone). (From the Greek words meaning a sieve, likeness.) Sieve-like. GLOSSARY 441 » Excretion. (From the Latin word excernere, "to excrete.") The discharge of waste products or excretions resulting from metabolism, by the skin, kidneys, etc. Extension. (From the Latin word extendere, "to stretch out.") A straightening out, especially the muscular movements by which a limb or joint is extended. Extensors. (A group of muscles which straighten or extend a limb or part of the body. Extensor Brevis Digitorum. The short extensor of the toes (digits). Extensor Brevis Pollicis. The short extensor of the thumb. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longior and Brevier. The long extensor of the radial side of the wrist and the short extensor of the same side. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris. The extensor of the ulnar side of the wrist. Extensor Communis Digitorum. The common extensor of the fingers (digits). Extensor Indicis Proprius. The extensor of the index finger. Extensor Longus Digitorum. The long extensor of the fingers (digits). Extensor Longus Hallucis. The long extensor of the big toe (hallux). Extensor Longus Pollicis. The long extensor of the thumb. Extensor Minimi Digiti. The extensor of the little finger (digit.) Extensor Ossis Metacarpi Pollicis. The extensor of the metacarpal bone of the thumb. Extrinsic. (From the Latin word extrinsicus, "from without.") External, not directly belonging to a part. Facet. (From the French word facette, "a little face.") A small plane or smooth surface on a bone, usually referring to the articular facet. Falces (pi.) Cerebri et Cerebelli. The sickle-shaped processes of dura mater between the cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively. Falciform. (From the Latin words falx, "a sickle;" forma, "form.") Having the shape of a sickle. Falx, falcis (Latin). A sickle. Fascia. (From the Latin word fascia, "a band.") The areolar tissue forming the layers beneath the skin, which forms sheaths for muscles and vessels. Fascia Lata. (Broad fascia.) The fascia of the thigh. Fasciculus. (Dim. of the Latin word fascis, a bundle.") A little bundle; as of muscle fibers. ^ Fauces. (From the Latin word fauces, "a throat.") The space at the back of the mouth communicating with the pharynx, surrounded by the soft palate and uvula and tonsils. Fauces (isthmus of). The opening at the back of the mouth leading into the pharynx, bounded on the sides by the arches of the soft palate, the uvula above, the base of the tongue below. Fecundation. (From the Latin word fecundus, "fruitful.") The act of making fruitful; impregnation; as the spermatozoon (male) fecundates the ovum (female). Femoral. Pertaining to the femur, as arteries, veins, and muscles. Femur. (From the Latin word femur, "thigh bone.") Fenestra Ovalis. (From the I^atin words fenestra, "a window;" ovalis, "egg-shaped," from ovum, "an egg.") The oval window 442 GLOSSARY located in the vestibule of the internal ear; which communicates with the middle ear or tympanum closed in life by the stapes, an ossicle of the ear. (See Ossicle.) Ferment. (From the Latin word fermentum, "leaven, yeast.") Any substance which in contact with another substance is capable of setting up changes — called fermentation — in the latter, without itself undergoing much change. Ferments are classified into unorgan- ized or soluble, and organized, or living ferments. Fermentation. The decomposition of complex molecules of chemical bodies or substances under the influence of ferments — called enzymes. Fetus. (From the Latin word fetus, "offspring"). The unborn off- spring of vivaparous (producing young in a living state) animals in the later stage of development. FibrocartiUge. Cartilage with fibrous tissue intermixed. Fibrous (From the Latin word fibra, "a fiber.") Containing fibers; of the character of fibrous tissue. Fibula. (Latin, "a buckle.") The bone on the outer side of the leg. Fibular. Pertaining to the fibula. Filium Terminate. A long, slender thread of nerve fibers enclosed by the dura mater, practically the termination of the spinal cord. Fimbriae (pi. of fimbria). (From the Latin word fimbria, "a fringe"). A fringe. The fimbriae of the Fallopian tube; the fringe-like processes of the outer extremity of the tube. Fimbriated . Fringed . Flexion. (From the Latin word flecture, "to bend.") The act of bending, especially the muscular movements by which a limb or joint is bent. Flexors. A group of muscles which bend a limb or part of the body. The opposite of the extensors. Flexor Brevis Digitorum. The short flexor of the toes. Flexor Brevis Hallucis. The short flexor of the big toe. Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti. The flexor of the little finger and toe. Flexor Brevis Pollicis. The short flexor of the thumb. Flexor Carpi Radialis. The flexor of the radial side of the wrist. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris. The flexor of the ulnar side of the wrist. Flexor Longus Digitorum. The long flexor of the toes. Flexor Longus Hallucis. The long flexor of the big toe. (See Hallux.) Flexor Longus Pollicis. The long flexor of the thumb. (See Polhcis.) Flexor Profundus Digitorum. The deep flexor of the fingers. Flexor Sublimis Digitorum. The superficial flexor of the fingers. Follicle. (From the Latin word folliculus, a dim. of follis, "bellows.") Arranged in the form of a little sac, as the lymph, hair follicles, etc. Fontanelle. (From the Latin word fontanella, "a little fountain.") A membranous space between the angles*ibf junction of the sutures of the cranial bones in fetal life and infan^. Foramen Magnum. The great opening. In occipital bone. Foramen Ovalis. The oval opening. In the waU between the auricles of the heart in the fetus, and for ten days to two weeks it persists in infant hearts. Foramen Rotundum. The round opening. In sphenoid bone. Foramina or Foramen. (From the Latin word forare, to pierce.) An opening or perforation, especially a bone. GLOSSARY 443 Fossa (pi. ae). (Latin, fossa, "a ditch.") A depression or ditch. Fossa Ovalis. The oval ditch. Fovea. (From the Latin, "a small ditch.") A small depression. -- Funiculus. (Dim. of the Latin word funis, "a rope or cord.") A cord-like structure. Fuse. (From the Latin word fundere, "to pour out."«) To unite with. Fusiform. (From the Latin words fusus, "a spindle;" forma, "shape.") Spindle-shape. Galactophorous. Milk-bearing. Ganglion or Ganglia. (From the Greek word meaning a knot.) A well-defined group of nerve cells and fibers forming an underlying nerve centre. Gastric. (From the Greek word meaning stomach.) Pertaining to the stomach. Gastrocnemius. A double-head muscle forming with the soleus the calf of the leg. Genitals (Genitalia). (From the Latin word genitalis, "pertaining to generation," from gignere, "to beget.") Relating to the organs of generation or reproduction in the male or female. Genito-urinary. Relating to the genitalia and urinary organs. Germinal. (From the Latin word germen, "a germ.") Pertaining to the development of a tissue or organ. Gestation. (From the Latin word gestare, "to bear.") Pregnancy, Glenoid. Resembling a shallow cavity. Glia (cells). (From the Greek word meaning glue.) The cells found in the neuroglia (the tissue which forms the basis of the sup- porting frame- work of the nerve tissue of the cerebrospinal system) . Globule. (From the dim. of the Latin word globus, "a ball.") A small spheric body, as fat globules, etc. Glomerulus. (From the Latin word glomerulus, ''a little ball.") A small, rounded mass, as the coil of bloodvessels projecting into the expanded end of each uriniferous tubule and with it forming the Malpighian body or corpuscle. Glottis, idis (Rima). The space between the vocal cords. Gluteus. (From the Greek word meaning buttock.) Referring to muscles of the buttock. Gluteus Maximus. The greatest of the buttock. (Literal trans- lation.) Gluteus Medius. The medium-sized of the buttock. Gluteus Minimus. The smallest of the buttock Glycogen. A carbohj^drate found in the liver cells. It is stored in the liver, where it is converted, as the system requires, into sugar (glucose) . Gramme (gm.) . The unit of the measurement by weight of the metric system of weights and measures. 1 gm, = 15.432 grains. Granular. (From the Latin word granula, "a little grain.") Per- taining to granule. As the granular appearance of a cell. Granule. (From the Latin word granula, "a small grain.") A small body or grain, as the granules of a cell. Gustatory (nerve). (From the Latin word gustare, "to taste.") Pertaining to the sense of taste, as the gustatory nerve — the nerve of taste in the tongue. 444 GLOSSARY Gyrus (pi. gyri or gyre). A convolution of the brain. Hallux, Hallucis. From the Latin. The great toe. Hemoglobin. The coloring matter of the red cells of the blood. Hepar. From the Greek word meaning liver. Hepatic. Pertaining to the liver, as hepatic artery, hepatic duct, and hepatic vein. Hiatus (Fallopii). (From the Latin word hiare, "to gape.") A space or opening. Hiatus Fallopii: A shallow grove on the petrous portion of the temporal bone for the passage of a nerve, etc. Hilum. A pit, recess, or opening in an organ, usually for the entrance and exit of vessels or ducts, as the hilum of the kidney, spleen, etc. Histology. The minute or microscopic anatomy of the tissues. Homogeneous. Having a uniform appearance or character in all its parts