Part IV

roots start from the trunk, should be exactly on a level with the surrounding earth, while the level of the earth around the tree, should be one inch below the level of the original surface. Some people having the idea that if a tree is set deep, it has a better chance for receiving moisture and is less subject to drought in summer, plant from one to two feet too low. Where this is done, the trees will die of suffocation. The roots of a tree need air as well as the branches, and in order to start new ones, the soil around requires a degree of temperature fifteen degrees higher than that of the atmospheric air. Besiaes, a tree needs such mineral substances as are soluble in water, and how can the chemical process, which turns mineral matter into such a state as to render it easily digestable by the roots, take place at a depth at which the atmos- --75-- pheric air with its oxygen, has no entrance ? All deciduous trees, when planted too deep, will, if they survive at all, form new roots near the surface of the ground, while the old ones will either die or cease to perforin their alloted functions. Better plant trees near the surface and even if some species require that certain sets of roots should grow to a greater depth, a growth downward will be much easier than one upward, which they would be compelled to make in order to get air, if set too deeply. If all the rules given for the transplanting of trees have been strictly followed, we may be assured of success, and if we had the control of at- mospheric and meteoroligical influences in the same degree as of the planting, our work woul 1 end at this point. But under existing circumstances we must aid them in their grrwth by watering in dry weather once or twice a week, and putting around them straw, manure, &c. as mulching. This mulching should be about 8 or 9 inches in thickness and extended over the roots of the trees. TRANSPLANTING OF LARGE TREES. If there are any fine large trees which shall not remain in their present position much longer, and which are to be transplanted rather than cut down for firewood, having at least a years time in which to do the work, proceed as follows : Early in the Spring dig a ditch two feet wide at a distance of two or three feet from the tree, according to its size, and extending in depth to the bottom roots, which must be cut off with an axe. This must afterwards be refilled with earth and as many branches cut from the top of the tree as can be without injuring its shape, after which it must be left standing at least until the next fall, to allow those parts of the roots which have been cut to send out rootlets by the thousand, which will after it is transplanted abundantly supply the tree with sap. If the part which was dug as a ditch in the spring be in the fall heavily covered with manure and a hole made at the new place for the tree, and the earth taken from it also covered in the same manner, it can be taken up and set theie in the winter with a frozen ball of earth around its roots. -76-- CHAPTER XXIV. RAILROADS AS TIMBER CONSUMERS. In the report on forestry, Volume IV, 1884, Nathaniel H. Egleston said about the use of timber for railroad purposes as stated by correspon- dents : "During the years 1881 and 1882 our railroad system was greatly ex- tended. Poor's railroad manual gives the total mileage of track on the 1st of January, 1883, as 138,901.66. At the same rate of increase the amount of track now in use would vary but little from 150,000 miles. If we adopt this estimate it will show a greatly increased demand upon our forests for the purpose of railroad construction, beyond that indicated by the returns given in the report. It will show that for the construction of our existing roads we have used 396,000,000 ties, or the wood supjilied by 3,960,000 acres, or an area larger than that of the states of Rhode Island and Connec- ticut. Estimated that ties need be renewed on an average once in seven years, there must be drawn from the forests annually, in order to keep the existing roads in repair, 56,571,428 ties, or the timber growing on 565,714 acres. Allowing that a growth of thirty years is necessary to produce trees of proper dimensions for ties it will require 16,971,420 acres of woodland to be kept constantly growing as a kind of railroad reserve, in order to supply the annual needs of the existing roads. This constitutes an area considerable larger than the state of West Virginia and larger than the states of New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts combined, or the states of New Jersey, Maryland and Deleware with the addition of Connec- ticut. It is more than 4 per cent, of the total area of woodland in the United States exclusive of the Territories and 3 per cent, of the area in the States and Territories together." This shows the case of the present and the past. But there is another view. The increase of railroad mileage in the United States from 1873 to --77-- 1882, both inclusive was 48,879 miles Oi ',ri average annual increase of 4,887.9 miles. Taking the twenty years from 1863 to 1883 tin vverage increase is 4,150 miles per annum. Estimating the yearly increase from January 1, 1883 to be the same for the last twenty years, there would be an addition of 41,500 miles in ten years to the 138,901 miles existing at that period making a grand total of 180,401 miles. To construct these additional miles will require 10,956,000 ties annually or for the ten years 109,560,000, the product of 1,095,600 acres of woodland. Allowing thirty years as the period of growth for ties, this would add 3,286,800 acres to the timber reserve needful to keep up the existing roads, or a total of 18,995,570 acres. If the calculations were extended to thirty instead of ten years for the construction of new lines, then the reserve of woodland necessary to keep the existing roads in repair would be not less than 25,950,356 acres. These figures show in an impressive light the large and rapidly increasing demands which are made upon our forests from one source alone. CHAPTER XXV. DUTY OF THE GOVERNMENT. [By E. T. Baker, U. S. Forestry Agent.] "One of the questions propounded by the Department is, 'What should the Government do for the preservation and increase of the forests on the public domain?' To this question it may be replied that the first thing the Government should do, is to consider its forest domain as separate and apart from every other. The rules and regulations which apply to the prairie should not be made to govern the sale &c, of the timber lands. The ex- tent of the forests still belonging to the United States should be ascertained and considered separately. "To begin with, the Government should stop the wholesale spoliation of these lands by private individuals or corporations, and whatever the means necessary to this end, should be applied promptly. The Government should, as a rule, withdraw its timber lands from sale or occupancy. To sell them does not promote the settlement of the country ; it only enables some individual to obtain for his own benefit timber at less than its value. The Government should make the custody and care of its forest domain the particular charge of officers who regard the interests of the Government. These officers should have regular stations and prescribed districts of country assigned them, not mere roving Commissioners. The Government should impose necessary regulations to prevent the wholesale destruction of its forests by fire. This should be done by the general Government to protect and preserve its own property. Further than this, the general Government should encourage the increase of the tree area in this country. It should do this by first disseminating information. It has been shown, that the present agencies at work are not sufficient. The Government should supply the people, to some extent at least, with instruction on the great subject. It should be furnished in the shape of reports and other printed --79-- matter, issued at frequent intervals in convenient form, free from discus sions remote from the points at issue before the people, and free from tech- nical terms unintelligible to the masses. The Government should establish collections, accessible to the people,, of the woods of the United States. These collections can be best made un- der the directions of the Government, and they should not be kept at Washington exclusively, but at as many different points as possible. The agri- cultural colleges in the various states would be suitable depositories and where States maintain agricultural departments, the offices and rooms of such departments. Finally, the Government should make it understood that forestry and its ally, irregation, are interests which are to be fostered in common with the general interest of commerce and agriculture. In conclusion I submit, as evincing the interest our neighbors of the Dominion of Canada feel in the question of forest-preservation and as con- taining ideas of value, the following extracts from a Canadian gentleman "A little more than one hundred and fifty years ago Europe was awak ened to the fact, that her timber supply was being gradually exhausted; the forests were either in private, municipal, or ecclesiastical hands, or so sad- dled with private rights that the states had no adequate control ot them. The consequences apparent were exploitation of miniature timber, to the serious depreciation of the yield; the consequent want of first-class tim- ber for ship building and other important works; the destruction of seed- ling trees by cattle, resulting in a scanty crop of low bushy trees. In a word, the area was being gradually contracted and the annual yield reduc- ed so much by mismanagement and neglect that it fell below the annual consumption ; capital stock was being strengthened on a condition under which the utter exhaustion becomes a mere question of time. Austria, Germany and France rose to the emergency they ; extinguished private rights, introduced state control and demarcated the areas to be maintained as permanent forests. Germany reserved a third of her total area as forests. Austria a triffle less. And France nearly a fourth. Their aim was to increase the timber production to the highest capacity of the reserved area, and to limit annual exploitation to annual increment. Forest management in all these countries is now a great state of in- dustry, scientifically conducted. It is under the control of a specially trained department. The remedial measures exercised an important bearino- on the well being of the countries named and what is more to the purpose, the undertaking has proved remunerative. The timber and other forest products yield a revenue leaving a margin of profit on all costs, includ- ing rent of the land. In America, both the States of the Union and Provinces of the Domin- ion have already passed the stage at which remedial measures were intro- --80-- duced in Europe, our population is growing at a rate unparalleled in the past, and secondly, because the whole interior ot the North American continent depends now, and must continue to depend upon the Atlantic and Pacific states for the great bulk of its timber. The saddest feature in the American timber problem is that the people have not yet shaken oft' the old tradition that, "timber land is worth the value of the land, less the cost of clearing." The stock of American timber is now so reduced, that if artificial causes were not at work, to keep down prices, there is not an acre of timber land on the North American continent that could not be sold for the amount which it would cost to reproduce it. These artificial causes referred to are on the surface. England, with her wealth of iron and coal, favored by her insular position and laro-e foreign tradf , did not trouble herself about growing timber, as lono- as she could supply herself from the supposed inexhaustible supplies of northern Europe, cheaper than she could grow it. She consequently supplied herself from Sweden and Norway, which possessed large natural forests costing nothing. Europe was a first-rate customer to these countries and in due course North America began to compete for a share of the trade, the market was overstocked and prices fell to the narrowest possible margin on cost of bringing the timber to market. In the struggle, Sweden and Norway have damaged their natural forests, and are now organizing measures for restoring them at about three times the price at which they sold their natural crop. As a consequence, America has the monopoly of the English trade, an enormous home demand is being rapidly developed, and her stocks are undero-oino- such rapid exhaustion that, with holding supplies, she could command prices undreamed of by the most visionary. But in the face of tljese facts the government of the United States and the Dominion, have the control of private parties who, in spirit of competition, go on flooding the markets to their own and the national detriment. Good Pine timber requires a century for its development. There is as much timber now growing on the American continent as, with proper management and restriction of exploitation to ascertain annual increment would avert a severe timber famine. But if the problem is not soon grappled with, America will ere long be dependent on Europe for her timber supjDlies. The position is too critical for temporizing or half measures. The difficulty can only be met by the resumption by the State of untrammekd control of its remaining forests. This is an heroic measure, but nothino- less would save the country. It would be costly, but the most pecuniarilv profitable investment the state ever ventured on. -81-- The problem is so grave as to demand the most careful consideration of the ablest advisers of the union and dominion government and much would be gained, if the two would operate harmoniously on a prearranged basis. If the programme I have suggested were adopted conjointly by the union and dominion governments, existing stocks held back and felling stopped for three years, to work of private stocks and let the demand make itself felt, prices would go up with a bound and I do not think they would stop far short of $200 per mile, American quotations. At such rates the remaining forests, instead of hastening to extinction, would be permanently revenue producing, besides yielding a fund to meet the costs of a measure of forest administration commensurate with the fu- ture requirements of the continent. CHAPTER XXVI. The following paper read by the author before the convention of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, in Madison, held in February, 1881, will prove that he kept a watchful eye upon the subject at all times; it reads as follows: THE TASK BEFORE THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES OP THE COUNTRY IN THE NEAR FUTURE. No one will deny the influence of our Agricultural Societies in the good results realized from the farms of the country, but we cannot help ad- mitting that one branch necessary to successful farming as well as to health and prosperity of the country has been so far sadly neglected, and this is the forests of the country. We are aware that the National Agricultural Department in Washing- ton has made several efforts to have the government take the preservation and restoration of the forests in hand, and that the Secretary of the Interior authorized by Congress, has adojited some means to prevent the cutting down of the forests in the territories. But all this is not sufficient for the preservation of that extent of forests which is needed for agricultural and manufacturing purposes. The forests should cover from one quarter to one third of the area of a country if that country is to be healthy and fitted to fulfil the conditions under which agriculture may be carried on with success. We And not only is the extent of the forests to be consideied. must also take into account their proper distribution over the face of the country if we would secure the utmost possible benefit to its inhabitants. The shelter and the humid healthful atmosphere of the forests in the far western territories have no effect upon the inhabitants of Wisconsin or New York. As the time between the planting and harvesting of forest trees is be- --83-- tween eighty years for Pine and from two to three hundred years for white Oak trees, it is of great importance to select for arboriculture those soils ot the country where no other crops could possibly be produced, and limit the cost of first planting to the lowest possible figures. When we consider that some soils are in reality not fit for agriculture and have to be termed on the assessors list and on the maps as unculturable land, would it not be a welcome sight to see young forests springing up in such places, and though growing slowly, benefitting the surrounding agricultural districts with a humid atmosphere, shelter against high winds, and against changes of temperature, frequently so sudden and so disas- trous? In Europe the various governments have found it necessary to make the care of forests a particular subject of consideration and legislation, and have created special bureaus under the management of competent men, who had to serve a long apprenticeship, graduate in the art and science of forest culture, and who have made the forests a source of revenue to the government amounting to millions of dollars from the poorest soil of that country. While the direct net income of these forests is counted by millions, their influence upon health and agriculture can not be estimated. And when we consider the rapid increase of population in our own country, the wants and requirements already made upon the forests, and the present comparitive scarcity of timber, it is easy to see that here also similar measures will soon have to be adopted. It will perhaps be objected that in the vast area of these states the millions of acres of woodland still remaining will be sufficient for all the wants of the country for years to come. But it must be remembered: 1. That this abundance of wood is found just in those parts of the country where it is least needed, and that in consequence of the expense to bring so bulky an article as timber to the centres of demand, it is comparatively valueless where produced and is for the most part left to fall be- fore the axe of the settler. 2. That two-thirds of the timber left to us is of such quality as to be only fit for fuel. 3. That in the census and tax statement a large area is classed as woods without deserving this classification. 4. Tha: Chicago alone employes a capital of f 80,000,000 in the lum- ber trade and that hundreds of thousands of acres of timber are annually sacrificed. 5. That Michigan and Wisconsin, the main pine timber states, which had ten million acres of the finest timber before the main settlement began have only about two million acres left, and this at the present rate will be cut down in about five years. --84-- 6. That according to the census of 1860 the value of the lumber improvement in the United States was $3,322,520,000. All this had been cut from the soil and most of it within thirty years previous, and nothing has been done to replace it. 7. That there are five hundred thousand artisans in wood in this country and if we estimate the value of their labor at $1,000 each per annum, we have an aggregate of $500,000,000 worth of wood annually consumed as raw material for their use. 8. That it takes one and one-third acres on the average to produc*. one cord of wood yearly. 9. That it takes three hundred acres for the production of wood sui ficient to build and keep up one mile of railroad year by year. 10. That the United States sends $11,000,000 per annum to Canada for timber, while millions of acres of land capable of producing the finest timber are laying waste in our own country. 11. That the farmer from year to year cuts down vast forests to en- large his fields, and only saves what will suffice for his domestic uses and seldom that. 12. That the population of the country is daily increasing, the wood consuming industries are developed year by year to larger dimensions, and hundreds of miles of new railroads are added annually to those already in operation, and in general, that while the wood producing area has been greatly reduced, the demands upon the wood have multiplied, and since the larger area has been so greatly reduced in supplying the smaller demand how will the smaller area supply the larger consumption ? From the above facts it is evident, that unless measures are speedily taken to replace by plantation, the supplies consumed in the destruction ot our old forests, there will be an actual famine for wood in this country within the next thirty years. Can this matter of forest culture be sefely left to private enterprise ? A period from eighty to two hundred years is required for the growth and maturity of valuable forest trees. Now, if so many neglect to plant fruit trees and grape vines, the product of which they can enjoy in a few years, will they plant forest trees, whose completed growth they will never see ? To carry on the culture of forest trees successfully, it is also neces- sary that extensive regions should be devoted to it, for the trees that from year to year are ready for the woodman's axe, are necessarily a considerable distance apart. In small, isolated areas there could not be an econonomical adaptation of the means to the end. Forest culture can only be carried on upon a large scale. But there is still another reason why the supply of timber cannot be left to private parties. There is needed for the profitable growth of forest --85-- trees a scientific and technical knowledge which few farmers have it in their power to acquire. This knowledge, so far as it is not purely scientific, must necessarily be traditional. It cannot be acquired by personal experience. The mistakes of one year cannot be discovered as in the case of ordinary farm crops, by the immediate results, for the tree's life outmeasures man's. The cultivator sees his error, if at all, when it is too late to remedy it. In Germany therefore, where these facts are^ully appreciated, the forester has to undergo a special scientific and technical education. He has to serve a long apprenticeship. The culture of trees and the management of the forests becomes the business and study ot his life. From all this and numerous other reasons, it is evident that upon the government rests the necessity and duty of providing against the anticipated deficiency in the supply of timber, by initiating and controling the plantation of new forests as well as the preservation of the old. It is not neceseary to cite the disastrous consequences which have occured in those parts of the globe where the destruction of forests has taken place, and which have been described by travelers in a most alarming manner. They are doubtless as familiar to others as to myself. In 1869 I sent a memorial to congress in respect to the destruc- tion of the old forests. I have not changed my opinion on this subject since and believe that it cannot be refuted. I hope that all farsighted men will share it with me and assist me in my patriotic recommendation. --80-- MEMORIAL. To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives^ of the State of Minnesota., St. Paul. The undersigned, animated by the conviction, that the subject here treated is of a most important nature for our State and well worthy your attention and thorough consideration, lays the same most respectfully before your Honorable Body, the subject is: THE FORESTS OF THE STATE. Experience teaches, that the majority of the people of this State as well as of the whole country are ignorant of the necessity of having at least onequarter to one-third of the whole area of a country covered with forest tree growth, if that country is to be healthy and its climate salubrious, to fulfill the conditions, under which agriculture may be carried on with the assur- ance of success. To overcome this ignorance and apathy and to convince the general public and especially the farmers of the importance, necessity and bless- ings of the forests for each country as servants and agents to carry out natures great plans, I have endeavored to lay down in a treatire such facts and truth, which are according to experience and science in unison with the workings of nature in regard to forests. As the forests upon the public land are by far not sufficient, even if left for the production of timber for all future time and are not so distributed over the fctate to benefit agriculture and the general wellfare uniformly, it is left to the farmers to produce the surplus. It becomes therefore the duty of the people and Legislature to give him all the inducements in their power and open all resources for his instruction in the art and science of forest culture to avoid failures in his noble undertaking for the benefit of the State and the country. The consequences which have followed the distruction of the forests in other countries are too serious to be visited upon and repeated in this prosperous land and it cannot be denied that the sudden changes of temperature, the severity of climate, the frequent occurrances of high floods and the sometimes long lasting droughts we now endure were not formerly known in this country, and the hurricanes and cyclones, which sometimes break loose upon sections of this country, dealing destruction and death in their path, are of late origin with us and are a warning signal to stop and not ruin the country by deforesting it in the crazy hunt after the almighty dollar. Equal causes have equal results, such occurances took place in all those countries, where the forests have been ruined. This, your Honorable Body, is a subject in which every inhabitant of --87-- the country should be interested personally and individually and the nar� rowest selfishness as well as the most kindly and broadest philanthropy and patriotism should lead us to due consideration of it and then to the adoption of such measures as will adequately provide for the improved condition of the forests and thereby to the material prosperity of our State and commonwealth. The memorialist most respectfully recommends for your wise and in- telligent legislation the consideration of the following points 1. The distribution of a book among farmers and land owners, treating upon this subject in a digestible language for everybody. 2. To encourage and animate farmers to plant trees, especially such, which will fulfil the requirement of the market and will have a market value for the owner when matured. 3. Advice and instructions as to the fitness of their soil for certain kinds of trees, &c, by a competent professional. 4. The same advice in regard to treatment of already existing groves of trees. 5. The establishment of experimental stations, where to try new and more useful varieties. 6. The pushing and bringing the forests gradually to such places which are not fit for the production of farm crops, especially hills, moun- tains or to places with poor soil, &c. 7. The planting of shade trees along roads and all places, where noth- ing else can be profitably produced, so as to make use of every foot of J and. 8. The ascertaining of the area of existing forests in the State and their condition and nature. 9. The improvement of the forests as well as the farm land by drain- age, where necessary. 10. The printing of condensed annual reports for distribution among farmers. &c, containing the experience made during the ye..r, etc. 11. The passing of strict laws against fire, cattle and men. 12. Petitioning Congress to transfer the public land to the State, while the State in return pledges to maintain the same, or turn it into for- est growth for all future time. Hoping that your Honorable Body will give that attention to this sub- ject, which the importance of the same deserves. Very Kespectfully, Minneapolis, January, 1887. P. P. SCHOTZKA. --4B8 llowing tabl CHAPTER XXVII. TREES PER ACRE. Rows Apart, Feet. 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 CHAPTER XXVIII. VALUE OP THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF WOOD AS FUEL. The following table is useful as showing the relative value of various kinds of wood for fuel, taking Shell-bark Hickory as the standard at 100. Shell-bark Hickory CHAPTER XXIX. FOREST TREES AS PROTECTORS OF FRUIT TREES IN UNFAVORABLE CLIMES. In the creation, the careful observer will find that one creature is dependent upon others and is bound to serve nature in the fulfillments of "her plans, to beautify the earth. That the assistant and servant is frequently badly paid by the assisted for his services is the run of the world. So is the thin, wimsy creeper, running up the majestic trunk of a tree, and while not able without such an assistant to rise even a foot from the oround that nature's servant enables that helpless creature to grow up to the very top of him, and twist his thin but strong branches around those of its giant supporter, and in many cases takes the very life out of its benefactor. Many a creeping and sucking creature thanks her existence to the support received by the trees in the forests. But the forest trees do not only show their existing qualities to nature inside of their own domain, but their beneficial influence as mentioned in other parts of these pages, extends to much farther limits, and most prob- ably are their great beneficial services as nature's assistants, not half fully known, or at least not appreciated by most of those that enjoy their blessings daily. The variety of the forest trees shows to the thinking man, who has � a particle of appreciation and sympathy for the beautiful forests of the country, that as various as their variety, must be their services to the human family. The writer of this treatise had the opportunity to observe in the milder climate of Westchester county, New York, the following facts and beneficial influences of forest trees to fruit trees. An orchard located in a low valley near a pond or lake, protected by mountains from the north and partially from the west, exposed to the east and south sun, was in a poor condition; the trees half dead, very dwarf and here and there with an apple upon the neglected trees, while in on� --91-- corner forest trees had grown between two apple trees belonging to the same orchard and planted with the rest of the orchard trees, but what a contrast between those two trees and those of the rest in the orchard without the protection of forest trees. The dwarf habit, in the desire and effort to keep up in growth with the forest trees to gain light, had been abandoned. The rough bark of the branches had changed to the most smooth, shining and the trees were loaded with beautiful apples, for the. benefit of our game bags, as we were hunting. A In Wisconsin, near Madison, a similar occur ranee was observed. nursery for temporary use had been started at one end of the orchard, and after most of the shade trees and Evergreens had been disposed of at other places, some of the deciduous trees had been left around two orchard trees, and some Scotch fire or Spruce near the trees. The deciduous trees were two Soft Maples and one Elm, and the beneficial assistance of those trees to the fruit trees were astonishing, and in their effects fully up to those observed in Westchester, N. Y. Why not consider the above as a wink from kind Nature to assist us in those parts of the country in the raising of apples, where the realization of this task belongs almost to the impossible? The Spruce, even if planted near the trunks of apple trees, will not take much nourishment from the latter, as her roots run right underneath the surface, and the deciduous trees can be planted far enough from the fruit trees, not coming much in contact with the latter and all trees together will prevent the leaves in autumn to be driven away and the ground will be well shaded to keep the burning sun from it. The Spruce is intended for the protiction of the trunks and the deciduous trees that of the branches, and either or both can be trimmed if too much shade is produced. It is anyhow worthwhile, giving this subject a little consideration, as in former times, Germany grew such an abundance of wild apples in their forest area that farmers fatten their pigs upon them and upon acorns. In taking good bye the author wishes and hopes that all who peruse -- these pages may arrive at the same conclusion that of preserving and ad- vancing the forests of the country, and that each may lend his assistance to divert the calamity which must neccessarily follow the destruction of the forests. THE END. -92- ABLE OF CONTENTS. Preface Introductory - - Chapter I. Consequences of deforesting - 10 Chapter II. Causes of decrease of our Forests - 11 Chapter III. Forests in their present and future state 13 1. Second or third growth 2. Groves of trees which supply the wants of farmers 3. Forests situated in swamps and marshes 3. Evergreen Forests; '5. Primeval Forests. Chapter IV. Forests as natures agents to fulfil her plans 16 1. Forests beautify the earth and improve the character of its inhabitants. 2. Forests help to sustain the relative proportion of the component properties of atmospheric air and purify it from unhealthy substances and obnoxious gases. 3. Extensive forests prevent sudden and extreme changes in the temperature. 4. Abundant forests effect climate by regulating the moisture and electricity of the atmosphere. . 5. Forests as protection against grasshoppers. 6. Forests as supplier of fuel and building material. 7. Forests as preventative of malaria, etc. 8. Forests as markets for game and fur. 9. Forests as supplier of plants for medical purposes etc. Chapter V. Treatment of Forests, so far, not destructed 19 Chapter VI. Treatment of Forests in this and other countries 26 Chapter VII. Preparing soils for seeds of Forests. 30 Chapter VIII. Selection of Seeds. 32 Chapter IX. Advantages of a Nursery. 33 Chapter X. Results from increase of population. . .'. 34 Chapter XI. Production of timber. 36 Chapter XII. Matters to be considered in forestry. 38 Chapter XIII. Selection of trees. 40 Chapter XIV. Mixed forests. 53 Chapter XV. Drainage of forests 58 Chapter XVI. The thinning of forests. 60 Chapter XVII. Damages to forests. 62 1. By Insects. 2. By heavy frosts. 3. By the Sun.. 4. By wind. 5. By snow. 6. By water. Chapter XVIII. Rotation of species in forests. 66 Chapter XIX. The harvest. 67 Chapter XX. The future of the Southern forests. 69 Chapter XXI. Prunning of trees 70 Chapter XXII. Planting of trees in cities. 72 Chapter XXIII. Planting of large trees and transplanting 75 Chapter XXI V. Railroads as timber consumers. 77 Chapter XXV. Duty of the Government, by E. P. Parker, U. S. Forestry Agent. 79 Chapter XXVI. A paper read by the Author before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Madison, Wis 83 Chapter XXVII. Number of trees per acre, 89 Chapter XXVIIP Value of the different species of wood as fuel. 90 Chapter XXIX. Forest trees as protector of fruit trees in unfavorable climes. 91 TO THE PUBLIC. The undersigned introduce themselves respectfully to all parties desiring services of below named nature, after an experience of twenty-five years, gained in most of the leading- parks of this country and in all departments of their construction, and assure those that will patronize them and engage their services, that they will not be bound to pay any ap- prentice money in the execution of their work. We offer our services for a reasonable compensation, without charging those fancy or novelty prices which are a source of discouragement for many, to secure the services of real experienced professionals. Our field of duty will be confined mainly to the following: -- 1. As a foundation for all kind of improvement requires a plan to work by, we will,, when necessary, supply each party engaging our services, with a most thorough studied plan, and as a preliminary work for a plan, make the necessary survey. --We 2. will transfer such plan after adopted, upon the ground, give required grades, in general, do all work pertaining to the Civil Engineer and Landscape Gardner. 3._We will execute the work from the beginning to the end if desired. 4.--The supplying and planting of the necessary trees and shrubs, &c, shall have our full attention, and only the best of trees shall be supplied, and success guaranteed. 5.--The planning and laying out, as well as improving of Cemeteries, shall form a branch of our business. 6.--The drainage of farm and other land will be executed after the latest methods, and combined with irrigation during the dry season where practicable, possible and desired. 7.--The improvement of private parks r.nd gardens oi sriall dimensions, will receive- our attention as well as a thousand acre park. 8.--Our advice in regard to intended improvements will be cheerfully given. 9.--Parties wishiug estimates of costs of excavations or fillings to be made, will go safe if employing our services. Hoping that the public will reward us with full confidence and patronize as by sending us their orders, and direct to P. P. SCHOTZKA & CO., Civil Engineers & Landscape Gardene:i�, No. 611 25th Ave. South. REFERENCES. From Central Park, New York. " Prospect park, Brooklyn, N. Y. " Albany, New York. �� West Chicago Parks, Illinois. " LaKewood Cemetery, Minneapolis. Minn. " Minneapolis City Parks, Minn., At the latter place planted besides other work, nine thousand shade and ornamental trees, with unequaled success.