mosses; also the pod of certain flowering plants, lily, etc. GLOSSARY 105 Carpogone: Gr. Aca/DTro?, karpos, fruit, yovtov, gonion, offspring, tiie female reproductive organ of the red seaweeds, etc. Carpophyta: Gr: Kapvos, karpos, fruit, <f)VT6v, phyton, plant. Cell: L. cella, cell, the plant unit, consisting usually of a wall, protoplasm and nucleus. Cellulose: L. cellula, little cell, the substance resembling starch, making up the walls of the cells of soft tissue. Centrifugal: L. centrum, center, fugere, to flee from. Centrifugal force: that force by which a body in revolution or rotation tends to fly off from the center. Cerevisiae: L. cerevisia, beer, belonging to beer. Chara: Gr. x^P^� chara, joy. Charophyceae: Gr. x^P^f chara, joy, vKO<i, phykos, seaweed. Chlorophyceae: Gr. ^^Xwpos, chloros, green, vKo<i, phykos, sea- weed. Chlorophyll: Gr. )(Xoip6<;, chloros, grass-green, <fiv\ov, phyllon, leaf, the yellow green coloring matter of plants, especially of leaves. Chloroplast: Gr. -^Xoipos, chloros, green, TrXao-ros, plastos, formed, a bit of protoplasm stained green with chlorophyll. Chromatophore: Gr. ^pw/xa, chroma, color, opd, phora, bearing, a definite mass of protoplasm producing a pigment. Chromoplast: Gr. XP^l^^ chroma, color, TrXacrTos, plastos, formed, a bit of protoplasm colored by a red or yellow pigment. Chroococcaceae: Gr. xp<^5, chroos, color, kokko?, kokkos, berry. Cinereum: L. cinereus, ashy, gray. Class: a group of plants next below a branch in rank, as Schizophyceae. Closed bundle: a collateral bundle having no cambium and hence incapable of further growth, as in corn. Closterium: Gr. KXtaa-nqpLov, klosterion, small thread or line. Cluster cup: a cup-like structure in which the spring spores or aecidiospores of the rusts are produced. Collateral bundle: the kind of flbrovascular bundle in which the xylem and phloem are side by side, the former inside, the latter outside. 106 MANUAL OF BOTANY Collfnchyma : Gr. KoAAa, koUa, glue, Iv, en, in, x^fio^, chymoa, juice, soft tissue in whicn the cells are usually elongated and reinforced by cellulose thickenings at the corners. Colony: L. colonia, colony, a more or less definite group of one- celled plants. Communis: L. communis, common. Companion cell: an elongated cell associated with a sieve tube. Compositae: L. compositus, compound. Concentric: having a common center. Conceptacle: L. conceptaculum, the pitlike cavity of certain brown seaweeds in which the sexual organs are formed. Conductive: permitting or aiding the migration of plants. Cone: an elongated axis bearing rows of microsporophylls or macrosporophylls, as in the pines. Conferva: L. river sponge. Conidia: Gr. xovi?, konis, dust, the propagative bodies in fungi, borne on special staiks or conidiophores. Conidiophore : Gr. kovlBiov^ konidion, spore, opa, phora, carrying, a special branch or stalk on which spores are borne. Coniferae: L. conus, cone, fero, bear. Conjugation: L. con, with, jugum, yoke, the fusion of two sexual bodies. Cork: a peculiar parenchyma-like tissue in which the cellulose is changed to suberin. Corolla: L. corona, crown, the inner row of sterile sporophylls, or petals, of the flower, Coronariales : L, corona, crown. Crassicarpus : L. crassus, thick, carpus, fruit. Cucurbita: L. cucurbita, gourd, a genus of Cucurbitaceae. Cuspidata: L. cuspidatus, sharp. Cuticle: L. skin, the outer wall of the epidermal cells, usually thickened in xerophytes. Cyperaceae: Gr. icvTreipos, Isypeirus, marsh plant. Cystiphoreae: Gr.Kwrrt?, kystis, sack, <^opa, phora, carry mg. Cystocarp: Gr. kvo-ti?, kystis, sack, fcapxos, karpos, fruit, the fruit of the red seaweeds, arising from fertilization of the carpogone. Cytoplasm: Gr. Krro?, kytos, jar, TrXacr/xa, plasma, form, the pro- toplasm of the celL GLOSSARY 107 Dehydration: the removal of water from specimens. Deltoides: L. deltoldes, delta-like or triangular. Derived: proceeding from a contiguous vegetation. Desmidium: Gr. S^tr/uStor, desmidion, little band. Diaphragm: Gr. 8ta, dia, across, <^pay/xa, phragma, fence, the thin layer of cells stretching across the intercellular spaces of aquatic plants. Dicotyledones: Gr. St^ di, double, KOTv-q8<Lv, kotyledon, vessel. Discomycetales: Gr. Sto-Kos, diskos, disk, round plate, fi.vKr]<:, mykes, mushroom. Disk: the fruiting surface or hymenium of an apothecium; the central portion of a composite flower, the nead, covered with tubular florets. Distribution: the position and occurrence of a plant or formation in the vegetative covering. District: the division of the vegetative covering next below the region in rank. Dwarf male: a small, club-shaped body, of Oedogoniaceae, consisting of a stalk cell, and one or two antheridial cells. -eae: L. eus, related to. Ecology: Gr. 6lko<s, oikos, house, Xoyo?, logos, science, the branch of botany which treats of the relation of plant and habitat. Ectocarpus: Gr. kto?, ektos, outside, /capTro?, karpos, fruit. Elater: Gr. iXarrjp, elater, charioteer, spiral thread or mem- branous band used in dispersing the spores in liverworts and horsetails. Embryo sac: the full-grown macrospore of the macrosporangium of Anthophytes. Endemic: Gr. cv, en, in, Siy/xios, demios, belonging to the people, native. Endosperm: Gr. cvSog, endos, within, cnripfm^ sperma, seed, the nutritious dependent prothahium of the macrospore of of Anthophytes. Ephemeral : Gr. ctti, epi, upon, -^/xepa, hemera, day, blooming for a single day. Epidermal system: the outer layer or epidermis with all its modifications, hairs, stomata, etc. 108 MANUAL OF BOTANY Epidermis: Gr. eiri, epi, upon, hipfm, derma, skin, the outer layer of cells of tissue-forming plants, ferns and flowering plants. Equisetum: L. equus, horse, seta, bristle. Erysiphe: Gr. Ipva-Cfi-q, erysibe, rust. Erythronium: Gr. pv6p6<s, erythros, red. Esculentum: L. esculentus, esculent, edible. Estival: L. aestivalis, pertaining to summer Euphorbia: Gr. v6p/3i.ov, euphorbion, spurge, a genus of Euphorbiaceae. Excentric: out of the center. Exuding: L. exudare, to sweat out. Giving out liquid matter through pores or incisions. Facies: L. facies, face, aspect, a controlling species of a forma- tion. False branch: an apparent branch arising in Scytonemataceae and Rivulariaceae by the out-growth or attachment of hormogones. Family: a group of plants next below an order in rank, as Chroococcaceae. Fastigiatus: L, fastiglatus, clustered. Fertile: bearing reproductive or propagative organs or bodies. Fibrous tissue: tissue in which the cells are greatly elongated and tapering. Fibro-vascular bundles: the bundles of fibers and ducts which compose the skeleton system of plants. Fibrovascular system: all the bundles which form the skeletal or supportive tissues of the plant. Filament: L. filamentum, a thread or chain of cells. Filicales: L. filix, fern. Filicineae: L. filix, fern. Fission: the process of cell increase by a gradual pinching In two of the cell. Flexilis: L. flexilis, fiexible, yielding. Floret: diminutive of L. flos, floris, flower, one of the small flowers of a head, in the Composites. Florideae: L. floridus, bright. Flower: the reproductive axis and its parts among the Anthophytes. Flower cluster: the group of flowers upon a stem or receptacle. GLOSSARY 109 Formation: a definite area of the vegetative covering, composed of plants adapted to the same conditions. Fraxinus: L. fraxinus, an ash-tree. Frequence: the sum of the stations or localities in which a for- mation or a species occurs. Fruit: the mature macrosporophyll with its seeds, often includ- ing the receptacle or some of the sterile sporophylls. Fruit dot: a cluster of spores or sporangia, a sorus. Fucus: L. seaweed. Funaria: L. fune, rope. Function: L. fungor, do, the work or working of an organ or part. Fundamental system: the collection of tissues, chiefly parenchyma, which makes up the piant with the exception of the bundles and the epidermis. Fungus: L. fungus, mushroom, the term applied to any chloro- phyll-less piant of the first three branches. Galium: Gr. dim. of ydXa, gala, milk. Gametophyte: Gr. yafierrj^, gametes, spouse, ^urov, phyton, plant, the structure which bears the archegones and antherids; the prothallium or sexual generation. Gasteromycetales : Gr. yaa-rrjp, gaster, abdomen, fivKr)<i^ mykes, mushroom. Geitonogamy: Gr. yctrwv, geiton, neighbor, ya/xos, gamos, marriage, the fertilization of one fiower by the pollen of another flower of the same plant. Gemmation: L. gemmatus, jewelled. Generation: that which is generated or produced, such as the gametophyte or sporophyte. Genus: a group of closely related species, as Gloeocapsa. Geotropism: Gr. yatd, gaia, the earth, T/aeVctv, trepein, to turn, a tendency to grow or incline toward the earth. Germinate: L. germano, sprout, begin to grow, sprout. Gesneriana: L. gesnerianus, of Gesner. Gill: one of the flat, spore-bearing plates on the underside of the cap of mushrooms. Globose: L. globosus, round, like a ball. Gloeocapsa: Gr. yXotos, gloios, glue, Kaij/a, kapsa, chest. 110 MANUAL OF BOTANY Gloeotrichia: Gr. yXoto?, gloios, glue, Opii, thrix, hair. Glumales: L. gluma, husk. Gracile: L. gracilis, graceful. Graminis: L. gramen, grass. Gymnospermae: Gr. yvjxvos, gymnos, naked, <nr(pixa, sperma, seed. Gynoecium: Gr. ywij, gyne, woman, oIklov, oikion, house, the macrosporophyll or pistil of a flower. Habitat group: a collection of species growing in similar physical conditions and exhibiting similar adaptations. Haematoxylin : Gr. atfm, haima, -arcs, atos, blood, ^vAov, xylon, wood, a blue stain obtained from the logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum). Hair: a pushing-out of the epidermis into a hair-like cell, or many-celled structure. Half-cell: one of cne symmetrical halves of a desmid cell. Hamata: L. hamatus, hooked. Hapaxanthous : Gr. aTro^, hapax, once, av6os, anthos, flower, flowering but once, annual. Head: a flower cluster in which the flowers are sessile on a short axis, as in the clover, or upon the receptacle, as in the dandelion. Hemeranthous: Gr. "^fi^pa, hemera, day, avOo?, anthos, flower, opening during the daytime only. Hepaticae: Gr. rprap, hepar, liver, through the L. hepaticus. Heterocyst: Gr. Tpo<Sy neteros, different, Kwrrts, kystis, cell, a clear yellow cell of Protophytes, of doubtful function. Heterogamete : Gr. erepos, heteros, different, ya/x-er^ys, gametes, spouse, either of the two dissimilar reproductive cells, oosphere and antherozoid. Hibiscus: Gr. t/^t'o-Ko?, hibiskos, mallow, a genus of the Malvaceae. Hilum: L. hilum, trifle, the central part of a starch grain. Hirsutissima: L. hirsutissimus, very hairy. Hirtum: L. hirtus, shaggy. Histology: Gr. to-rds, histos, web, Xdyos, logos, word, the science of tissues. GLOSSARY 111 Homogeneous: Gr. ofx6<s, homos, same, ycVo?, genos, kind, simi- lar throughout, uniform, Hormogone: Gr. opyu-os, hormos, chain, yovLov, gonion, offspring, a portion of the filament of a blue-green slime which breaks away and forms a new filament. Hyacinthus: Gr. YaKLvOo<:, Hyacinthus, a genus of Liliaceae. Hydrophyte: Gr. vSiop, hydor, water, ^vroi/, phyton, plant, a plant growing in a habitat with a large amount of available soil water. Hygrometrica: Gr. vypo?, hygros, wet, /xerptAcos, metrikos, of measure, absorbing moisture. Hylophyte: Gr. vXrj, hyle, forest, ^vtov, phyton, plant, a wood-loving plant. Hymenium: Gr. ^fxtjv, hymen, membrane, the flat fruiting sur- face of an apothecium, consisting of asci and paraphyses. Hymenomycetales: Gr. vft^v, hymen, membrane, fivKrj<s, mykes, mushroom. Hyphae: Gr. vTj, hyphe, web, the threads of a fungus. Hysterium: Gr. vcrrcpa, hystera, cleft. Hysterographium : Gr. vcrrepa, hystera, cleft, ypacfitj, graphe, writing. Impatiens: L. L. impatiens, impatient, a genus of Geraniaceae. Inferales: L. inferus, below. Infiltration: the process of penetration by liquids. Intercellular space: a small space or canal between the cells in soft tissue. Isodiametric: Gr. tcros, isos, equal, Sta^erpos, diametros, diameter, of equal diameter. Isogamete: Gr. to-os, isos, like, yafiTrj<;, gametes, spouse, one of two similar reproductive cells, a microzoogonidium. Karyokinesis: Gr. Kapvov, karyon, nut, Ktn^crts, kinesis, moving, the rearrangement of the nuclear matter as a result of which two new nuclei are formed; nuclear division. Lacustris: L. lacustris, pertaining to a lake. Lamella: L. lamella, plate, one of the flat plates or gills on the under surface of the mushroom cap. Lamellose: L. lamella, plate or layer, arranged in layers. 112 MANUAL OF BOTANY Lanceolata: L. lanceolatus, lance-shaped. Latifolia: L. latus, wide, folium, leaf, broad-leaved. Latticed: with open spaces, as in a lattice. Layer: a group or stratum of plants of the same general height in a formation. Leaf: a fiat expanded organ borne laterally on the stem, a sterile sporophyll. Lenticel: L. lenticula, lentil, the growth of cork tissue, stopping an old stoma. Leucocrinum: Gr. XevKos, leukos, white, Kptvov, krinon, lily. Leucoplast: Gr. A-ev/co^^ leukos, white, TrAao-ros, plastos, formed, a colorless body turning sugar into starch and developing chlorophyll in the light. Lichen: Gr, kcLxrjv, leichen, tree-moss, lichen, the term applied to cup fungi, black fungi, and thelephores parasitic upon algae. Lignin: L. lignum, wood, the substance peculiar to woody and stony cell walls. Liliaceae: L. lilium, lily. Lithospermum : Gr. Xido^, lithos, stone, a-Trcptjua, sperma, seed. Lobata: L. lobatus, lobed. WpW, Lycoperdaceae : Gr. Xvko?, lykos, wolf, perdon, puff. Lycopersicum : u-r. Avkos, lykos, wolf, TrepcrLKov persikon, (Persian) peach, a genus of Solanaceae. Lycopodium: Gr. Avkos, lykos, wolf, 7roStov,podion, little foot. Macerate: L. macero, soften, to cause to separate, as the cells of a tissue. Macrosporangium: Gr. /xaxpos, makros, large, crvopa, spora, spore, ayytW, angion, little vessel, a globose structure developed from the macrosporophyll and producing macrospores, an ovule. Macrospore: Gr. /xaxpo?, large, a-rropa, spora, spore, the large spore of ferns and flowering plants, producing the female prothallium upon germination. Macrosporophyll: Gr. /laKpos makros, large, cTropa, spora. spore. 4>{Wov, phyllon, leaf, the leaf upon which macrospores or macrosporangia are borne, a carpel. GLOSSARY 113 Majus: L. major, greater. Marchantia: from the botanist Marchand. Marginatus: L. marglnatus, margined. Mays: Spanish maiz, Indian com. Medullary: L. medulla, marrow, pertaining to the pith, hence applied to the rays which extend from the pith through the wood. Meristem: Gr. fxepiarrrj^t merlstes, divider, primary tissue arising from an apical cell or group of cells, from which all other tissues are derived. Mesophyll: Gr. fteo-o?, mesos, middle, ^vAAov, phyllon, leaf, the parenchyma of the leaf, including sponge and palisade tissue. Mesophyte: Gr. ii(T6<i, mesos, middle, tfivrov, phyton, plant, a plant growing in a habitat characterised by medium quantity of available soil water. Metabolism: Gr. /iCTaySoA.17 , metabole, to change, the process by which living cells take up and convert into their own substance, the nutritive material brought them by the circula- tion, or by which they transform their protoplasm into simpler substances. Methyl green : Gr. /^cra, meta, belonging to, vAiy, hyle, wood, a green stain belonging to the anilin series. Micrampelis: Gr. fuKp6<s, mikros, short, d/xTreXt?, ampelis, vine, a genus of Cucurbitaceae. Micrometer: Gr. fttKpo?, mikros, small, fierpov metron, measure, a small scale placed in the eye-piece for measuring micro- scopical objects. Microspora: Gr./u/cpos, mikros, small, cnropa, spora, spore. Microsporangium : Gr. fUKpos, mikros, small, (nropa, spora, spore, dyytov, angion, little vessel, a modification of part of the microsporophyll in which microspores or pollen grains are produced. Microspore: Gr. [UKpos, mikros, small, a-iropa, spora, spore, a small spore developed in a microsporangium or anther, and producing a male prothallium, a pollen grain. 114 MANUAL OF BOTANY Microsporophyll : Gr. /xik/oos, mikros, small, arropa, spora, spore, vXXoVy phyllon, leaf, a leaf which bears microspores or microsporangia, a stamen. Microtome: Gr. /uKpos, mikros, small, rofiy, tome, a cutting, an instrument for cutting very thin sections. Migration: L. migratio, change of abode, the movement of a species or group of species into new stations. Milk tissue: a tissue traversed by ducts or tubes containing a milky substance. Milk tube: a duct or tube secreting a resin of a milky character. Monocotyledones: Gr. jxovos, monos, single, KorvXrjSiav, kotyle- don, vessel. Montanum: L. montanus, mountain. Motile: L. motilis, possessing movement. Mucedo: L. mucedo, mould. Mucilage canal: a tube in which mucilage is formed. Mucor: L. mucor, mould. Multilocular: L. multus, many, loculus, little place, consisting of many cells, many-celled. Muscineae: L. muscus, moss. Mushroom, strictly, an edible fungus of the Agaraicaceae; more generally, any species of this family. Mycelium: Gr. /mvk^s, mykes, fungus, the mass of vegetative fila- ments of a fungus. Navicula: L. dim. of navis, ship. Nematogeneae: Gr. v/Aa,nema, thread, yeVw, geno, bear. Nitella: L. niteo, to shine. Nitida: L. nitidus, shining. Nodolusum: L. nodum, joint. Normal: typical or standard. Nose-piece: end-piece of a microscope carrying two or more objectives. Nostoc: derivation doubtful. Nothocalais: Gr. v60o<s, nothos, spurious, KaXat?, kalais, topaz. Nucleolus: L. nucleus, a deeply staining body surrounded by an areole, occurring singly, or several in the resting nucleus. Nucleus: L. nux, nut, the central organ of the cell, usually globose in shape. GLOSSARY 115 Nyctanthous : Gr. vv^, nyx, night, av^05, anthos, flower, flowering at night or upon cloudy days. Objective: the lower set �f lenses of the microscope, which bring the light rays to a focus. Obliquus: L. obliquus, oblique. Obstructive: checking or preventing the migration of plants. Ocular: the upper set of lenses of the microscope, which magnify the image formed by the objective. Oedogonium: Gr. otSos, oidos, swelling, yow, gonu, joint, -oideae: L. oideus, resembling. Oogone: Gr. wov, oon, egg, yoviov, gonion, offspring, the female organ of the Phycophytes whicn contains the oosphere or egg. Oosphere: Gr. wov, oon, egg, (r^at)oa, sphaira, ball, the egg-cell of the female organ, oogone, carpogone or archegone. Oospore: Gr. wov, oon, egg, cnropa, spora, spore, the fertilized oosphene, a resting spore, the product of the fertilization of the oogone. Open bundle: a collateral bundle in which the xylem and phloem are separated by cambium, and are capable of growth. Order: a group of plants next below a class in rank, as Cystiphorae. Orient: L. oriens, rising, hence east, to arrange a parafl[in block so that it will be cut in the desired direction. Orientalis: L. orientalis, pertaining to the East. Oscillatoria: L. oscillare, oscillate. Osmosis: Gr. (uo-ynos, osmos, an impulse, the mixing of two fluids by diffusion through an intervening porous membrane. Ovule: L.L. ovulum, egg, the term applied to the macrosporangium of Anthophyta. Palisade tissue: the soft tissue of the leaf composed of oblong, parallel cells. Papilionaceae : L. papilio, butterfly. Pappus: Gr. TraTTTros, pappos, down (?), the bristles, hairs or scales to which the calyx is reduced in Compositae. Paraphysis: Gr. Trapa, para, alongside, vara, physa, bellows, one of the sterile threads found with the asci or sporangia. Parasite: Gr. Trapd, para, alongside, trtro?, sitos, wheat, food, a plani dependent upon another plant for its food. 116 MANUAL OF BOTANY Parencliyma: Gr. Trapd, para, beside, Iv, in, xyfios, chymos, juice, soft tissue making up the assimilative part of the plant. Parmelia: Gr. Trap/xt], parme, small shield. Patch: an irregular or indefinite group of plants belonging to one or more species. m Peculiar: found only a certain region or district. Pendula: L. pendulus, hanging. Pepo: L. pepo, melon. Perisporium: Gr. Trept, peri, around, o-Troptov, spore. sporion, little Perithecium: Gr, Trept, peri, around, Otjkt] theke, box, the spore fruit of the Pyrenomycetes. Peronospora: Gr. Trepovrj perone, point, cnropa., spora, spore. Petal: Gr. TreraAov, petalon, leaf, one of the inner row of sterile sporophylls, a part of the corolla. Petiole: L. petiolus, the stalK of a leaf. Peziza: L. pezica, sort of mushroom. Phaeophyceae : Gr. <^atos, phaios, dark, (J3vko^, phykos, seaweed. Phaeosporeae: Gr. cf>aL6<s, pnaios, dark, a-iropa, spora, spore. Phaseolus: L. phaselus, kidney bean, a genus of Leguminosae. Phellogen: Gr. ^eAAos, phellos, cork, yevew, geneo, bear, the meristematic tissue which produces cork. Phloem: Gr. <^Xotos, phloios, bark, the sieve or bast portion of the fibrovascular bundle. Photo-synthesis: Gr. <jio)Tos, photos, light, avvOecn^, sunthesis, to place or put together, the process of producing starch or sugar in the green plant, in the presence of light, by the absorption of carbon dioxide or water with the consequent evolution of oxygen. Phycocyanin: Gr. <}>vko<s, phykos, seaweed, Kvavo<;, kyanos, dark blue, the blue-green pigment of the Protophytes. Phycophyta: Gr. cjivKos, phykos, seaweed, vT6v, phyton, plant. Physcia: Gr. ^vVk?;, physke, pudding. Physcomitrium: Gr. vaK7], physke, sausage, /urpLov, mitrion, little cap. Phytogeography: Gr. cf)VT6v, phyton, plant, yij, ge, earth, ypa<f)r}, graphe, writing, the study of the vegetative covering of the earth. GLOSSARY 117 Pinus: L. pinus, pine, a genus of Pinaceae. Pirus: L. pirus, pear-tree, a genus of Rosaceae. Pistil: L. pistillum, pounding instrument, the macrosporophyll or female reproductive organ of the Anthophyte. Pistillate: bearing macrosporophylls or pistils alone: as a pistillate fiower. Pisum: Gr. ttlcto^, pisos, garden pea, a genus of Leguminosae. Placental scale: a large outgrowth of the macrosporangium of the pines, constituting the larger bulk of the cone. Plastid : Gr. TrXaaro?, plastos, formed, a definite bit of protoplasm capable of producing a pigment, and of increase by fission. Pleiocyclic: Gr. irXdos, pleios, full, kvkAos kyklos, circle, fiower- , ing year after year, perennial. Pleurococcus : Gr. vXevpos, pleuros, side, kokk6<5, kokkos, berry. Poa: Gr. ttoo, poa, grass. Pod: a dry splitting fruit, a macrosporophyll containing several seeds or sporangia and splitting when dry. Polemonium: Gr. ttoXc/xo?, polemos, battle. Pollen: L. pollen, mill-dust, the microspores of fiowering plants. Polyanthous: Gr. ttoXvs, polys, many, avOos, anthos, flower, bear- ing many flowers. Polymorpha: Gr. ttoXv?, polys, many, /xop({>y, morphe, form. Polypodium: Gr. ttoAvs, polys, many, ttoSiW, podion, little foot. Polysiphonia: Gr. ttoXus, polys, many, crt'<jf)wv, siphon, tube. Polyspermous: Gr. ttoAvs, polys, many, (nrepfxa, sperma, seed, bearing many-seeded fruits. Poophyte : Gr. Troa, poa, grass, (jivrov, phyton, plant, a plant growing in grassland. Populus: L. populus, poplar, a genus of Salicaceae. Pratensis: L. pratensis, of a meadow. Prevernal: L. prae, before, vernalis, spring, appearing in earli- est spring. Primitive: L. primitivus, early, first, earliest, simplest. Principal species: those species of a formation next to facies in abundance and importance. Propagation; asexual increase of cells, as by fission, budding, nuclear division, etc. 118 MANUAL OF BOTANY Prothallium: Gr. irpo, pro, before, OaWiov^ thallion, a young shoot, the plant which bears antherids and archegones, botn in Anthophytes and Pteridophytes. Protococcus: Gr. Trpwros, protos, first, kokko^, kokkos, berry. Protonema: Gr. TrpCjTos, protos, first, vifxa, nema, thread, the first filamentous stage of the moss plant. Protophyta: Gr. 7rpioTo<s, protos, first, vt6v, phyton, plant. Protoplasm: Gr. 7rpS}To<s, protos, first, TrXdcrpn, plasma, form, the semi-fluid substance which makes up the oasis of active cells. Province: one of the main divisions of the vegetative covering. Prunus: L. prunus, plum tree. Pteridophyta: Gr. Trrepis, pteris, fern, vT6v, phyton, plant. Pteris: Gr. TTTepis^ pteris, fern. Puccinia: from an Italian botanist, Puccini. Puff-ball: the powdery spore-fruit of most Gastromycetes. Pulsatilla: L. pulsatus, shaken, blown about. Pyrenoid: Gr. ttv/jiJv, pyren, stone, 1805, eidos, form, a bit of protoplasm usually associated with the chloroplast in algae, used for storing starch. Pyrenomycetales: Gr. Trvprjv, pyren, stone, i^vk-tj^, mykes, mushroom. Radial: grouped like the radii of a circle. Ranales: L. rana, frog. Ranunculus: L. ranunculus, little frog. Ray: the outer radiate portion of a composite, consisting of strap-shaped florets. Ray floret: the strap-shaped flower of the margin of a head, as in the sunflower. Receptacle: L. receptaculum, receptacle, the portion of the axis bearing the sporophylls. Rigidity: L. rigiditas, stiffness, the quality of being rigid, of resisting change of form. Region: a division of the province. Reproduction: the fusion of two sexual cells out 01 which arises the new plant. Resin canal: a tuoe in which resin is found. GLOSSARY 119 Resting spore: a spore protected by a thick wall designed to carry a plant through unfavorable conditions. Reticulate: L. reticulum, net, resembling a network, netted. Rhizoid: Gr. pt'^a, rniza, root, ctSos, eidos, form, one of the thread-like hairs which serve the purpose of roots among the Bryophytes and Jr'teridophytes. Rhodomelaceae: Gr. poSov, rhodon, rose, fjirjXov, melon, apple. Khodophyoeae: Gr. poSoj/, rhodon, rose, cjJ) Jko5, phykos, seaweed. xvibes: Arabic, ribes, gooseberry. Rivularia: L. rivulus, rill. Rosa: L.. rosa, rose. Rubiales: L. rubia, madder. Ruderal: L. ruderalis, of rubbish, pertaining to weeds. Rupestris: L. rupestris, of a shore or bank. Rust: the common name of the species of Uredineae. Saccharomyces : Gr. aaKxo-pov, sakcharon, sugar, fxvKr]^, mykes, mushroom. Safranin: Fr. safran, fr. Ar. zafaran, yellow, a red stain belonging to the coal-tar colors. Sagittaria: L. Sagittarius, archer, a genus of Alismaceae. Salicis: L. salix, salicis, willow. Sambucus: Gr. crafx(3vKr], sambyke, a musical instrument, a genus of Caprifoliaceae. Saprophyte: Gr. o-aTrpos, sapros, putrid, (fivrov^ phyton, plant, a plant growing upon organic matter, but not on living organisms. Sativum: L. sativus, sown, cultivated. Saxifragaceae : L. saxum, rock, frango, break. Scale: a small, leaf-like appendage found on buds, stems, etc. Scenedesmus: Gr. a-K-qviq, Skene, tent, 8ecr/xos, desmos, band. Schizophyceae: Gr. (rxt'S^w, skidzo, split, c^vkos, phykos, seaweed. Scirpus: L. scirpus, rush, a genus of Cyperaceae, Sclerenchyma: Gr. a-KXrjpo^, skleros, hard, tv, en, in, x^f^^'^i chymos, juice, stony tissue, in which the cell wall is greatly thickened and hardened by lignin; a tissue in which the walls are lignified. Scutellata: L. scutellatus, disk-shaped. Scytonema: Gr. (tkvtos, skytos, leather, ve/xa, nema, thread. 120 MANUAL OF BOTANY Secondary species: one of the less important species of a forma- tion. Secretory passage: a canal or tube in which, various gums, resins, etc., are stored. Segment : L. seco, cut, section, joint. Selaginella: L. dim. of selago, name of a plant. Senecio: L. senex, an old man. Sepal: L. separo, separate, one of the outer row of sterile sporophylls: a part of the calyx. Sepultaria: L. sepultum, buried. Serotinal: L. serus, late, autumnal. Sheath: the mucilaginous covering of the cell or filament of many Protophytes. Shield: the sporophyll of the horse-tails. Sieve plate: one of the perforated partitions of the sieve tubes, through which the protoplasm is connected. Sieve tissue: a component tissue of the fibrovascular bundles, consisting of sieve tubes and companion cells. Sieve tube: a row of elongated cells, separated by perforated end partitions or sieve plates. Siphoneae: Gr. accjjwv, siphon, tube. Soft tissue: tissue composed of thin-walled, cellulose cells, charged with the assimilative function. Solanum: L. L. soianum, nightshade, a genus of Solanaceae. Sorus: Gr. cropos, soros, vessel, a sac containing spores; or a definite portion of tissue where spores or sporangia are found. Species: L. species, aspect, a group of individuals differing from each other only in insignificant characters. Spherical: Gr. o-^atpa, spnaira, ball, round, as a ball. Spikelet: the flower cluster of the sedges and grasses, a small spike. Spirillum: Gr. a-ircLpvWiov, speiryllion, little spiral. Spirogyra: Gr.o-TreTpa, speira, spiral, yvpos, gyros, ring. Splendens: L. splendens, showy. Sponge tissue: the loose, soft tissue of the leaf. Sporangium: Gr. a-vopa, spora, spore, dyytov, angion, little vessel. Spore: Gr. (nropa, spora, seed, a propagative or reproductive body of the cryptogams. GLOSSARY 121 Spore fruit: the fruiting body of the Carpophyta, perithecium, apothecium, cystocarp, or peridium. Spore sac: a membranous sack containing spores, an ascus. Sporophyll: Gr. a-Tropa, spora, spore, vX\ov, phyllon, leaf, a hat expansion of tissue, with or without organs of multiplica- tions. Sporophyte: Gr. airopa spora, spore, vT6v, phyton, plant: the plant produced by the fertilization of the archegone, in the mosses the capsule, in the lerns the frond, and in the Anthophytes, the whole visible plant. Stamen: L. stamen, thread, the microsporophyll, the organ which bears the microspores or pollen. Staminate: bearing microsporophylls or stamens alone, as a staminate flower. Stellate: L. stellatus, starry, star-shaped. Sterile: lacking both reproductive and propagative bodies. Stipple: D. stip, dot, draw or shade by means of dots. Stomata: pi. of stoma. Stoma, pi. stomata: Gr. a-To/xa, stoma, mouth, the opening through the epidermis provided with guard cells. Stone-cell: an isodiametric cell having a thick lignified wall. Stone fibre; an elongated, thickened cell, with lignified wall. Stonewort: the common name for the Characeae, derived from the lime incrustations of the stem and leaves. Subclass: the name of the group next below the class in rauK. Suberin: L. suber, the cork-oak, the substance peculiar to cork. Suborder: the name of the group next below the order in rank. Subtilis: L. subtilis, fine, delicate. Summer spore: a conidium or uredospore of the rusts, capable of immediate germination. Symmetry: Gr. <rvv, syn, with, /u-erpov, metron, measure, harmony of arrangement. Syriaca: L. syriacus, of Syria. Taraxaxjum: Gr. rapa^tg^ taraxis, disorder. Tenuis: L. tenuis, chin. Tetraspore: Gr. rkrpa, tetra, four, (nropa, spora, spore, the asexual spore of the red seaweeds, usually produced in fours. 122 MANUAL OF BOTANY Thalamiflorales : Gr. OaKa/xos, thalamos, chamber, L. flos, flower. Thallus. Gr. 6d\os, thalos, shoot, the plant body or plant mass. Thermostat: Gv.Oepfxt], tnerme, heat, icrrrjfjn, histemi, stand, an instrument to regulate automailt'ally the flame of a burner. Thick-angled tissue: tissue composed of elongated cells, thick- ened at the angles. Tissue: a deflnite group of similar cells with a particular function. Trachea: L. L. trachia, a vessel. Tracheary: pertaining to a trachea. Tracheids: L. L. trachea, vessel, an elongated fibre-like cell with closed ends and usually bordered pits or spiral markings. Trama: L. trama, woof, the central tissue, consisting of small filaments, of the gills of mushrooms. Transverse: at right angles to the long diameter. Triticum: L. triticum, wheat, a genus of Graminaceae. Tropaeolum: Gr. rpoTraiov, tropaion, trophy, a genus of Geraniaceae. Tuber: Latin name for the truffle. Tuberosum: L. tuberosus, bearing a tuber. Tulipa: Fr. tulipe from Per. dulband, turban. Turgidity: L. turgidus, swollen, a condition of being swollen or unnaturally distended. Type: the form or character of an organism, the organism itself when it represents a larger group. Typical: representative, characteristic. Ulothrix: Gr. ovXos, oulos, fine, <fipt$, thrix, hair. Uncinula: L. little hook. Undula: L. dim. of unda, wave. Unilocular: L. unus, one, loculus, little place, one-celled. Uredo: L. uredo, a blasting. Ustilago: L. ustus, burnt. Vacuole: L. vacuum, space, a bubble of water in the protoplasm. Vaucheria: from Vaucher a French botanist. Vegetation: the plant covering of the globe. Vegetation form: a structural type, considered chiefly with respect to duration. Vegetative body: the part of the plant concerned in the process of nutrition. GLOSSARY 123 Vegetative cell: a cell which carries on any physiological process except that of reproduction. Vegetative covering: the sum of plant formations. Vernal: L. vernalis, spring. Vessel: a long tube composed of a row of cells in which the end walls have dissolved. Viridis: L. viridis, green. Vulgaris: L. vulgaris, common. Whorl: three or more leaves in a circle at the same level. "Winter spore: the resting spore or teleutospore of the rusts, designed to carry the plant through the winter. Wood fibre: a short, rather thin-walled, lignified fibre, making up the greater part of woody tissue. Xenogamy: Gr. ^evos, xenos, stranger, ya/xos, gamos, marriage, fertilization between the flowers of two different individuals, stranger cross-fertilization. Xerophyte: Gr. ^epos, xeros, dry, vT6v, phyton, plant, a plant growing in a habitat where there is little available soil water. Xylem: Gr. ^vXov, zylon, wood, the wood or tracheary portion of the fibrovascular bundle. Zea: Gr. ^eta, zeia, grain, a genus of Graminaceae. Zebrina: African zebra, striped. Zone: Gr. t,iovr], zone, belt, girdle, a strip or belt-like area of vegetation. Zoogonid: Gr. ^wov, zoon, animal, yovtSiov, gonidion, young, a motile spore provided with cilia, found in Phycophytes. Zoosporangium: Gr. ^aiov, zoon, animal, cnropa, spora, spore, dyytov, angion, vessel, a cell or modified branch in which zoospores or zoongonidia are formed. Zoospore: Gr. ^wov, zoon, animal, cnropa spora, spore, a motile propagative or reproductive body, microspore and macro- spore. Zygnema: Gr. ^vyov, zygon, yoke, vcyua, nema, thread. Zygomorphic: Gr. ^vyov, zygon, yoke, /Jiop(f)i], morphe, form, bilaterally symmetrical, as the flower of a mint. Zygote: Gr. ^vycuros zygotos, yoked, the resting spore formed by two isogametes, as in Spirogyra and Ascophora. SEP 25 1900