Part 1
~2 GS 259-53 pp: sx hte BOTANY OF CALIFORNIA. VOL. I. (UNIFORM WITH THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE) GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CALIFORNIA. J. D. WHITNEY, State Geo oaist. OT AN Y. VOLUME IL. * _ . »- POLYPETALA, By W. H. BREWER anp SERENO WATSON. GAMOPETALA, By ASA GRAY. SECOND (REVISED) EDITION. BOSTON: LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY. 1880. LIBRARY OF THE LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY. A. 3062. PREFATORY NOTE TO THE SECOND’ EDITION. wv . re a 4 oe oa dad In this edition of the present volume, no changes have been made excepting such as may properly be called corrections of slight verbal mistakes and of errors of the press. Vol. II., completing the Botany of California, is published contemporaneously with the present one, and in that will be found a considerable number of additions and corrections to Volume I., rendered necessary by fresh discoveries made by various zealous collectors in the field. J. D. WHITNEY. CAMBRIDGE, Mass., August 17, 1880. Names of the gentlemen by the aid of whose contributions the publication of this volume has been secured : — LELAND STANFORD. R. B. WOODWARD. D. O. MILLS. WILLIAM NORRIS. LLOYD TEVIS. JOHN O. EARL. J. C. FLOOD. HENRY PIERCE. CHARLES McLAUGHLIN. OLIVER ELDREDGE. 8. CLINTON HASTINGS. INTRODUCTION. HE Act of the Legislature, passed in 1860, authorizing a geoloyical Survey of the State of California, required, among other things, a “ full and scientific description of its botanical productions.” In accordance with this requisition, the material necessary for such a description was assiduously collected by the Geological Corps, whenever and wherever it was possible to carry on this work in addition to the other more pressing duties of the Survey proper. During the years from 1860 to 1864, the botanical collect- ing was entirely under the charge of, and mostly performed by, Professor W. H. Brewer. It was under his supervision that the bulk of the material was accumulated, the claboration of which has formed the basis of the present volume. Professor Brewer having left California in 1864, no farther continuous and systematic collecting was attempted by the Survey. Mr. H. N. Bolander was, however, engaged fur a few months in 1866 and 1867 in making a more thorough botanical exploration of portions of the Sierra Nevada than had before been possible; and he also made a trip through the Coast Ranges, north of the Bay of San Francisco, in which he was assisted from the funds of the Survey, then, as always, entirely inadequate to a vigorous prosecution of the work in all its branches. Dr. J. G. Cooper, Zoological Assistant of the Survey, during a winter spent at Fort Mohave, and on the way thither and back, made important additions to the botanical collections. On the return of Professor Brewer to the East, in 1864, arrange- ments were commenced for working up the collections, with a view to the publication of a Flora of California, or a systematic description of the plants growing spontaneously over that wide area of between 150,000 and 160,000 square miles.© The total number of species thus included was estimated at * In point of fact, in the present volume the botany of the whole eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, and of the ranges adjacent to it on the east, from Arizona to Northern Nevada, and of Southern Oregon, has been fully worked up, and a considerable number of species included which have not yet been found within the borders of the State of California, although many of them, in all probability, will be. Vill INTRODUCTION. two thousand, and it was thought that the work of determining and describ- . ing them would not occupy more than a year or two. The co-operation of distinguished specialists throughout the country was secured, and various portions of the collections placed in their hands to be worked up. It is, however, at the Herbarium of Harvard University, and under the supervision of Professor A. Gray, that most of the material has thus far been elaborated. The collections made by the Survey were there arranged by Professor Brewer, and the new species of the Polypetale and Gamo- petale were described by Professor Gray in various communications made to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and published in their Proceedings.® In this work it was necessary that the material which had accumulated during the many years in which California had been botanically explored by various Government expeditions, both American and foreign, and by numerous private collectors, should be passed under review. It was equally necessary that the mass of literature already accumulated in relation to this Flora, and scattered through hundreds of volumes, which in many cases are not to be obtained except with great difficulty, should be thoroughly ex- amined. Much the largest portion of this material, both of books and plants, was accessible at the Herbarium in Cambridge; and, where the collec- tions in this country were deficient, both Dr. Gray and Dr. Engelmann were enabled to supply deficiencies and make the necessary comparisons, during visits to Europe, and especially to the great storehouse of the world’s botany at Kew. While this work of description and comparison went on, much new material was constantly coming in, chiefly through several zeal- ous private collectors, who of course had to send their plants to Cambridge for determination. Thus it happened, that, as the amount of material to be worked over was constantly increasing, so the time required for the work was also greatly expanded. The Survey not being able to pay any one for devoting his whole time to this investigation, the year 1874 had been reached and the printing had not been begun. The Legislature of 1873 — 74 put an end to the work by refusing any further appropriations for the Survey, and the present volume would have remained unpublished, had it not been for the generosity of a few citizens of San Francisco, who came forward and placed in the hands of the late State Geologist a sum sufficient * See Proceedings Am. Acad. Vol. VI. 519, and VII. 327. a INTRODUCTION. ix to insure the publication of one volume of the Flora of California. The names of these gentlemen will be found on the page following the title. As soon as possible after this munificent act, an arrangement was made with Mr. Sereno Watson, late Botanist of the Fortieth Parallel Survey, to under- take the necessary revision of the Polype/ale, previously prepared by Pro- fessor Brewer, but which needed still further elaboration. Professor Gray, in accordance with previous arrangement, was ready with the Gamopetale, and, to insure greater uniformity, all the ordinal characters of the volume have also been written by him. There has been no interruption in the work since the necessary funds were raised for its continuance. It is not neces- sary to insist on the reasons why the preparation of this volume has involved a much larger amount of labor and of time than was originally expected. Botanists will not fail to appreciate the magnitude of the task thus under- taken, and will recognize the great difference between a work like the present one and even the most complete of the botanical reports which have hitherto accompanied or formed a part of the reports of Government expeditions. It only remains for me to thank those who have contributed to this volume either intellectually or pecuniarily, and to express my sincere regret that the Levislature of California has just adjourned without having made any pro- vision for the continuance of the Botany, or for bringing before the world other portions of the results of the Survey already in process of publication, or nearly ready for it, at the time the work was suspended by the Legislature of 1873 - 74. Should the means be secured for the publication of the second volume of the Botany of California, it will contain the remaining exogenous (the Apetale and the Gymnosperme), the endogenous, and the cryptogamous orders. It is proposed also to add an accented list of generic names with their derivations; and a chronological list of botanical collectors on the west coast of America, together with an index to the genera and species of the entire Flora, and a glossary of the botanical terms used. J. D. WHITNEY. CAMBRIDGE, Mass., April 15, 1876. NOTE. —@-—— TueE following Keys are designed to facilitate the reference of any plant to its proper Order; and it is hoped that the one may so supplement the other that in most cases little difficulty will be found. A synopsis is likewise given of the genera under each order, and of the species in most of the larger and more difficult genera. All the more important synonymy is cited, including references to the principal figures. The geographical range is indicated as nearly as our present knowledge permits, but the habitats of many of the rare or local species will doubtless be much extended as the State is more thoroughly explored. Additional species will also be discovered, and the descriptions of the known species here given may prove in some cases to be defective or erroneous. In- formation in regard to any additions or corrections is solicited for an appendix to the second volume, or for a future supplement. It has not been possible to give here, introductory to the Flora, that preliminary botanical instruction which is necessary to its use. To supply the need, a brief Introduction to Sys- tematic Botany will probably be included in the volume which is to follow, and reference may be made meanwhile to the ordinary text-books upon the subject, such as Gray's ‘‘ Les- sons in Botany.” I. ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND ANOMALOUS GENERA IN THIS VOLUME. Division 1. POLYPETAL: calyx and corolla both present ; the latter of separate petals. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 and more than double the number of the petals, 1. Hypoyynous, i. e. on the receptacle free from the ovary and calyx. Pistils few to many distinct carpels, or rarely only one. Calyx mostly deciduous : juice of herbage colorless. RANUNCULACES, 1. Calyx early deciduous : juice yellowish. Platystemon in PAPAVERACEA, 5. Calyx persistent : leaves peltate. NYMPHAACEA, 3. Pistil a single simple carpel, forming a ‘pod. Acacia in LEGUMINOs&, 31. Pistil compound : cells, placente, or stigmas more than one. Petals more numerous than the se Indefinitely numerous, small, and persistent : aquatic. NYMPHZACE, 38. Just twice as many (4 or 6), and both usually caducous. PAPAVERACER, 6. Five to 16 and more numerous than the persistent sepals. PORTULACACES, 16. Petals of the same number as the sepals, a Four, and both deciduous. CAPPARIDACER, 8. Four or less, but cleft, and calyx persistent. RESEDACEA, 9. Five, and the cal rsistent. Sepals valvate in the bud : stamens monadel phous. MALVACE#, 20. Sepals imbricated in the bud. ves opposite, entire, pellucid-punctate. HyYPERIcAcEa, 19. Leaves alternate, not pellucid-pnnctate, plane. Corolla ephemeral : two outer sepals small and bract-like. CisTacex, 10. Corolla gamopetalous, tubular: sepals round. Fouquiera in TAMARISCINES, 17. Leaves all radical, hollow pitchers. SARRACENIACE, 4. 2. Perigynous or epigynous, borne on the (either free or adnate) calyx. Leafless mostly prickly fleshy plants: ovary 1-celled. CaCTACER, 43. Leafy fleshy P ants, with 3 or more cells to the ovary. FICOIDES, 44. Leafy fleshy herbs, with 1-celled ovary. PORTULACACES, 16. Not fleshy. Leaves opposite, simple : sepals and petals numerous. CALYCANTHACES, 33. Leaves opposite, simple : sepals and petals 4 or 5. SAXIFRAGACES, 34. Leaves alternate, with stipules. ’ Rosacea, 82. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Carpels 2 or more, superior, becoming follicles. Crossosoma in RANUNCULACEA, 1. Ovary inferior, with 3 or more parietal placenta. Flowers mainly dicecious : petals minute or none. DATISCACEA, 42. Flowers perfect : petals conspicuous : leaves rough. LOASACES, 40. B. Stamens 10 or less, or if more not exceeding twice the number of the petals, or sepals when the petals are wanting. 1, Ovary or ovaries superior or mainly so (but sqmetimes enclosed in the calyx-tube). + Pistils more than one and distinct. . Pistils of just the same number as petals and as sepals. Leaves simple, fleshy. CRASSULACEE, 35. Leaves pinnate. (Styles partly united.) Limnanthes in GERANIACEA, 24. Pistils not corresponding in number with petals or sepals. Stamens borne on the receptacle. RANUNCULACEA, 1. Stamens borne on the calyx. Stipules persistent : leaves alternate. RosacE&, 32. Stipules caducous : leaves opposite, compound. Staphylea in SAPINDACE, 29. Stipules none or indistinct. SAXIFRAGACEA, 84. xu ANALYTICAL ARTIFICIAL KEY. « « Pistil only one, + Simple, i. e. of one carpel, as shown by the single style, stigma, and cell (the latter sometimes with a false division in Astragalus). Anthers opening by uplifted valves or transversely. BEXBERIDACES, 2. Anthers opening lengthwise or at the top. Flowers irregular, or leaves twice pinnate : fruit a legume. LEGUMINOSS, 31. Flowers ir ar : leaves simple. POLYGALACE, 12. Flowers ar. Leaves opposite, punctate. Cneoridium in RutTaceEg, 25. Leaves alternate, not punctate, mostly stipulate. Fruit a drupe or akene. Rosacea, 32. Fruit a coriaceous follicle. Glossopetalon in SaPINDACES, 29. + + Pistil compound, as shown by the number of cells or placentz, styles or stigmas. Ovary 1-celled, with (2 to “4 or rarely more) parietal placente. Petals (long-clawed) and teeth of long-tubular calyx 4 or 5. FRANKENIACE, 13. Petals and sepals or lobes of the cleft calyx 5. Corolla irregular ; lower petal spurred. VIOLACEX, 11. Corolla regular or nearly so. Styles or sessile stigmas entire. SAXIFRAGACEA, 34. S 3, each 2-parted: placente 8. DROSERACER, 36. Petals 2, but persistent sepals 4 : flower irregular. RESEDACE, 9. Petals 4, but bract-like sepals 2 : flower irregular. FUMARIACES, 6. Petals 4 or 6 ; sepals half as many, caducous. PAPAVERACEA, 5. Petals and sepals each 4 : stamens 6. CAPPARIDACEA, 8. Ovary and pod 2-celled : 2 placentie parietal: stamens tetradynamous. CRUCIFERA, 7. Ovary and capsule 1-celled, several - many-seeded on a central placenta, Truly so, the partitions wanting or very incomplete. Sepals 2: leaves often alternate. PORTULACACES, 16. Sepals or calyx-lobes 5 or sometimes 4 : leaves all opposite. CARYOPHYLLACES, 14. Here may be sought the apetalous Glaux in PRIMULACES, 57. Apparently so; the partitions at length vanishing. Stipules between the opposite leaves. ELATINACEA, 18. No stipules. LYTHRACEA, 37. Ovary and fruit 1-celled with a single seed on a stalk from the base. Shrubs: styles or stigmas 3: fruit drupe-like. ANACARDIACES, 30. Herbs : fruit a utricle. Style at most 2-cleft : stipules scarious. ILLECEBRACE#, 15. Styles 6 : calyx scarious. PLUMBAGINACEZ, 56. Ovary more than 1-celled : seeds attached to the axis, or base, or summit. Flowers very irregular : ovary 2-celled : cells 1-seeded. POLYGALACEA, 12. Flowers regular or nearly so. No green foliage. Monotroper, &c., in Ericaceg, 54. Foliage pellucid-punctate : strong-scented shrubs. RutaceEa, 25. Foliage not pellucid-punctate. Authers opening by terminal pores or chinks at the end. Ericaces, 64. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, i. e. alter- nate with the calyx-lobes, These valvate in the bud. RHAMNACEA, 27. These small or obsolete : petals valvate. VITACES, 28. Stamens when just as many as petals alternate with them. Strong-scented shrub: leaves opposite, 2-foliolate. ZYGOPHYLLACE&, 28. Strong-scented herbs : leaves lobed or compound. GERANIACES, 24. Herbs, not strong-scented. Ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. Leaves all simple and entire. LINACE, 22. Leaves all opposite, compound, and leaflets entire. ZYGOPHYLLACE&, 28. Leaves alternate or opposite, the latter with divisions or leaflets not entire. GERANIACE&, 24. Ovules numerous. . Stamens on the calyx : style 1. LYTHRACES, 37. Stamens on the calyx : styles 2 or 3. SAXIFRAGACEA, 34. Stamens on tlie receptacle : leaves opposite, simple. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, 2 or 5. ELATINACEA, 18. Cells fewer than the sepals, 3. Mollugo in Ficorpes, 44.