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BHERGEN’S BOTANY KEY AND FLORA NORTHERN AND CENTRAL STATES EDITION oo BY JOSEPH Y. BERGEN, A.M. INSTRUCTOR IN BIOLOGY, ENGLISH HiaH SCHOOL, BosTON GINN & COMPANY BOSTON - NEW YORK - CHICAGO - LONDON Natural Science Library ; COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY JOSEPH Y. BERGEN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 25.10 Che Athenaum Press GINN & COMPANY >: PRO- PRIETORS + BOSTON © U.S.A. ? 1 10 459% -2.20 PREFACE Tus flora furnishes a key to the commoner spring-flower- ing families of Phanerogams and descriptions of the charac- teristics of these families, together with such genera and species under each as seem most available for school study in the central and northeastern states. The descriptions have been in part compiled by the author from various sources, and in part written with the plants themselves in hand. The characterizations of many families and of some genera are taken with slight simplifications from Hooker’s Student’s Flora of the British Islands; a few are from Warming’s Systematic Botany. The remainder are mostly adapted from the floras of Gray and Wood, from Sargent’s Silva of North America, and from Britton and Brown’s illustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada. “ The sequence of the families (and sometimes the genera under their respective families) is based on Engler’s Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, which has also been followed as regards nomenclature of families. In other regards the sixth edition of Gray’s Manual, and Bailey’s revision of Gray’s Field, Forest, and Garden Botany have been followed as authorities. Valu- able information concerning the precise time of flowering of many species has been derived from Darlington’s Flora Cestrica and Ward’s Guide to the Flora of Washington and Vicinity. By arrangement with Professor 8. M. Tracy a considerable portion of the key and a large number of the following descriptions have been copied (a little simplified) from his Flora of the Southeastern States ; these are designated by an asterisk at the end of each description. 1 2 PREFACE Especial acknowledgments are. due to Professor Benjamin L. Robinson, Director of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, who has given most valuable advice and has revised the manuscript of the keys and flora, thus contribut- ing greatly to any value which they may be found to possess. Much aid has been derived from the careful proof-reading of Professor J. M. Holzinger of the Minnesota State Normal School, Professor L. H. Pammel of the Iowa State College, and Miss Mary P. Anderson of the Somerville, Mass., English High School. The author wishes heartily to thank these eritics for the many errors which they have corrected and the valuable additions which they have suggested. The territory covered overlaps that dealt with.by Professor Tracy in the flora above cited, and nearly meets that embraced in Miss Eastwood’s Flora of the Rocky Mountains and the Salt Lake Basin, since many of the species treated in the present work range west as far as the hundredth meridian. The plants chosen to constitute this flora are those which bloom during some part of the latter half of the ordinary school year, and which have a rather wide territorial range. Enough forms have been described to afford ample drill in the determination of species. Gray’s Manual of Botany or Field, Forest, and Garden Botany will of course be employed: ‘by the student who wishes to become familiar with most of the seed-plants of the region here touched upon. Those species which occur in the central and northeastern United States only as cultivated plants are so designated. The illus- trations are mainly redrawn from German sources. A few of them are the work of Mr. E. N. Fischer of Boston, but the greater portion are by Dr. J. W. Folsom of the University of Illinois. J. Y. B. CamBripce, Mass., January, 1901. HOW TO USE THE KEY AND FLORA In order to determine an unknown species, the student is first to make a careful examination of the plant in hand. After noting in a general way the appearance of the root, stem, and leaf, including a cross-section of the stem, he should study the number, coherence, and adnation of the parts of the flower, then make and draw a cross-section and a lengthwise section of it. Irregularities in calyx or corolla, peculiarities in the shape, structure, or operation of the essen- tial organs, such, for instance, as anthers discharging through chinks in the end, should be noted. Next, the inquirer should look carefully through the Key to the families. He is first to decide whether the plant in question is a Gymnosperm or an Angiosperm; if not a conif- erous tree or shrub, it will of course belong to the latter division. He is then to settle the question whether it is a Monocotyledon or a Dicotyledon; then under what division of the group the plant comes, and, finally, to deeide upon its family. X Turning now to the page at which the family is described, a rapid inspection of the characteristics of the genera will make it evident to which one the species under examination belongs. It may not infrequently prove that none of the genera described agree with the plant studied, and in that case the student must either consult a larger flora or rest satisfied with having determined the family to which his 3 a 4 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY specimen belongs.’ The identification of the species, after the genus has been reached, presents no difficulty in a little flora like the present one. The author does not believe in spending much of the time of aclass upon identifying species, but would rather recom- mend comparative studies of as many plants of a group as are accessible, and making these studies thorough enough to bring out fully the idea of the family, the genus, and the species.?, The descriptions in this flora may be used as a check on the cruder ones which the pupil is first to frame for himself. 1 It will greatly simplify matters if the teacher selects for examination only such species as are here described. The teacher will find abundant suggestions for such a course in Spalding’s Introduction to Botany, pp. 152-260. andi / | pees KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS FLORA CLASS I GYMNOSPERMS. Ovules not enclosed in an ovary. Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually evergreen and needle-shaped, awl-shaped, or scale-like. Flowers moncecious or dicecious. Fruit a scaly cone, or sometimes appearing berry-like. CLASS II AN GIOSPERMS. Ovules enclosed in an ovary. 1. Pine Family, page 13 SUBCLASS I. — MONOCOTYLEDONS. Flowers usually with their parts in threes, never in fives. Leaves usually parallel-veined. Cotyledon 1. (1) Flowers enclosed by chaffy bracts. Flowers 2-bracted. Leaves 2-ranked. Stem cylin- drical . a Flowers 1-bracted. Leaves 3-ranked. Stem trian- gular. ..... (2) Flowers on a spadix. Spadix slender, hairy, and bristly . Spadix fleshy .... (3) Flowers not on a spadix. (a) Carpels usually numerous and nearly or entirely separate . (6) Carpels united. * Perianth free or adnate only to the base of the ovary. t Perianth regular, its parts similar, green, or chaffy . . . 1. 2. 2 2 © © © © ew ow +t Perianth of 2 sets, one sepal-like, the other petal- like. Style and stigma 1. Petals 3 or 2, soon disap- pearing . . . 1. «© «© «© 1. 1 2 © © © 5 FAMILY PAGE 4. Grass. . 23 5. Sedge . 23 2. Cat-tail . .: 20 . Arum . 23 3. Water-plantain. 21 9. Rush. . 29 7. Spiderwort . . 26 6 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY Styles or stigmas 3, separate. Petals 3, lasting FAMILY PAGE several days. Leaves netted-veined . . . 10. (Trillium) Lily. 29 Style 1, stigma 3-lobed, or 6-toothed. Corolla irregular. Aquatic herbs with par- allel-veined leaves ...... =. =... 8 Pickerel-weed . 28 ttt Perianth regular, its divisions all alike, or nearly so, petal-like . ........ 10. Lily ..... 29 ** Perianth adnate to the ovary. Anthers6. ............. Ll Amaryllis. . . 42 Anthers3.............. 12. Iris ..... 46 Antherslor2............ 18. Orchis .... 46 SUBCLASS II.— DICOTYLEDONS. Flowers usually with their parts in fives or fours. Leaves netted-veined. Cotyledons 2. I. Apetalous Division. Flowers without a corolla or without either calyx or corolla.! A. Flowers moncecious or diccious, one or both sorts in catkins. (1) Staminate flowers in catkins, the pistillate ones solitary or clustered. Leaves pinnately compound ...... . 16. Walnut. ... 49 Leaves simple. . . . ..... .- 18. Beech .... 66 (2) Both kinds of flowers in catkins, (a) Leaves alternate. Ovaries in fruit becoming fleshy and combin- ing into an aggregate fruit .... . . 20. Mulberry... 61 ° Fruit 1-seeded, a stone-fruit or minute nut. Aromatic shrubs ... . . .. 15. Bayberry... 49 Fruit a capsule, seeds with silky hairs. .. 14. Willow. ... 47 Fruit a minute nut or akene. Mostly large shrubs or trees, not very aromatic .. . 17. Birch .... 61 (b) Leaves opposite, small parasitic shrubs . . . 22. Mistletoe... 63 B. Flowers not in catkins, both calyx and corolla wanting. ........ . 44. Sycamore. . . 106 1 When only one floral envelope is present, this is said to be the calyx and the corolla is considered to be missing. KEY FT c. FAMILY PAGE Flowers not in catkins; calyx present, sometimes petal-like. (1) Trees or shrubs. Flowers not hypogynous ; plants not climbing . 73. Dogwood .. . 162 Flowers not hypogynous; climbing plants . . 24. Dutchman’s Pipe 64 Flowers hypogynous. Style single, not cleft, fruita key. (Frazinus) 78. Olive . . . . . 176 Style single, not cleft, fruit astone-fruit . . 37. Laurel .... . 88 Styles 2 or 2-cleft, fruit l-celled. . ....419 Elm ..... 659 Styles 2 or 2-cleft, fruit 2-celled . . ... . 58. Maple... . 140 Styles 3, each 2-cleft. Ovary 3-celled. . . . 53. Spurge .. . . 135 (2) Herbs. Flowers not hypogynous; ovary 6celled . . . 24. Dutchman’sPipe 64 Flowers not hypogynous ; ovary 1-celled ; flowers in umbel-like clusters. .... . . . . 23. Sandalwood .. 64 Flower hypogynous. (a) Ovary 1-celled. Stamensmany ........... . 82, Buttercup... 77 Stamens few. , Stipules sheathing the joints .... . . 25. Buckwheat . 66 Stipules wanting. Rather fleshy herbs. . . ... =. =. . 26. Goosefoot. . . 68 Not fleshy. Ovules on a free central placenta; deli- cate, soft-leaved herbs. (Stellaria). . 30. Pink .....-°71 Ovule single. Tough, with awl-shaped leaves. (Scleranthus). .... . . 80. Pink ..... Ti (b) Ovary several-celled. Small prostrate herb; leaves spatulate, whorled 28. Ice-plant ... 69 Stipules present, not sheathing. Stylesingle . ..........~. 21. Nettle. . ... 62 Stylee2..... .... . 20. Mulberry ... 61 Flowers hypogynous, ovary celled Loe ee 538. Spurge .. . . 185 Flowers hypogynous, ovary 5-10-celled ; fruit a berry. .............. . 27. Pokeweed ... 69 8 FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY II. Polypetalous Division. Calyx and corolla both present, the petals not united. A. Stamens more than 10. FAMILY PAGE (1) Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. (a) Leaves alternate, * Ovary 1, simple. Fruit astone-fruit .......... 45. Rose. ... . 105 ** Ovary 1, compound; fruit dry. Ovary 5-celled, 1-2-seeded at maturity. . . 638. Linden... . 146 Ovary 3-celled, many-seeded. . ... . . 68. Begonia .. . 152 *** Ovary 1, compound; fruit fleshy. . ... . 45. Rose... . . 105 **** Ovaries numerous. ¢ Leaves with stipules. Stamens inserted on the receptacle . . . 84. Magnolia... 85 Stamens many, monadelphous . . . . . 64. Mallow. .. . 147 Stamens inserted onthe calyx... .. 45 Rose... . . 105 +t Leaves not with stipules. Smalltrees ........... . 36. Pawpaw ... 88 (b) Leaves opposite ; fruit dry. Ovary single, 3-5-celled . . ..... =. +. 48. Saxifrage . . . 101 Ovaries several, enclosed by the calyx tube . 35. Calycanthus . . 87 (2) Herbs. (a) Ovary single, simple; fruita berry ... . . 83. Barberry ... 84 (b) Ovaries several, simple. ) Stamens inserted on the receptacle. . . . - 32. Buttercup. . . 77 Stamensinserted onthecalyx ...... 45. Rose... . , 105 (c) Ovary compound. Aquatic herbs, leaves flat . ...... . 381. Water-lily. . . 76 Marsh herbs, leavestubular . .... . . 42. Pitcher-plant . 101 Terrestrial herbs. * Ovary 1-celled. Placentz central, juice watery. . .. . 29. Purslane ... 70 Placentz parietal, juice milky or colored. 38. Poppy .... 89 Placente 2,parietal. ....... . 40. Caper .... 99 Placentz 3 or more, parietal. | . Leaves alternate ........ .. 41. Mignonette . . 100 Leaves opposite. ........ . 65. St. Johnswort . 148 Leaves apparently wanting, stems fleshy 69. Cactus ... . 154 ** Ovary several-celled, stamens monadelphous 64. Mallow... . 147 *** Ovary 3-celled, stamens not much if at all . monadelphous, stems fleshy, juice acid. . 68. Begonia .. . 152 KEY Stamens not more than 10. (1) Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. (a) Fruit a stone-fruit. Stamens 2, rarely 3-4 Stamens as many as the petals. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals . . Stamens 5, alternate with the petals . Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals. (b) Fruit a berry. Stamens alternate with the petals. Inserted on the calyx, leaves simple . Inserted on a disk surrounding the ovary, leaves componnd. . . Stamens opposite the petals . . (c) Fruit a 2-seeded capsule or a key. Leaves compound. ..... (d) Fruit a 3-5-celled capsule, flowers small, greenish, or brown-purple, leaves simple ... . . (e) Fruit 5-lobed, the 5 carpels separating when ripe, flowers rather large, white, or of showy colors, leaves simple . (Sf) Fruit a 1-3-celled capsule, leaves compound, flowers irreguiar . .... . oe oe (g) Fruit a 3celled bladdery capsule, leaves com- pound, flowers regular. . .......e (h) Fruitalegume .. (2) Herbs. (u) Ovary single, 1-celled, simple or compound. * Corolla regular, or nearly so. Sepals and petals 4-5; stamens 5, 10, or 12, dis- tinct. Leaves alternate. Stigma single . Stigmas 4 se eee . Leaves opposite, punctate, flowers yellow. Leaves opposite, flowers white or red Sepals and petals 4-5; stamens 5, united . Sepals 2, petals 4-5 FAMILY PAGE 78. Olive . . 175 73. Dogwood . . 162 64. Sumac .. . 137 61. Buckthorn . 143 43. Saxifrage. . . 101 71. Ginseng. . 157 62. Grape or Vine . 145 51. Rue 133 56. Staff Tree . . 139 47. Geranium. .. 129 59. Buckeye . . 142 57. Bladder Nut. . 140 46. Pea or Pulse. . 117 46. Pea or Pulse. . 117 43. Saxifrage . . . 101 . St. Johnswort . 148 380. Pink. . 71 67. Passion Flowe:. 151 29. Purslane ... 70 10 . Sepals 6, stamens hypogynous, opposite the petals . 33. ** Corolla irregular. Fruit a legume . 46. Fruit a capsule. Stamens 5 . 66. Stamens 6, in 2 sets 38. (b) Ovary single, 2-5-celled, fruit dry. * Ovary 2-celled. Flowers in umbels, stamens 5 . 72. Flowers not in umbels, petals 4 or 0, stamens 6 39. Flowers not in umbels, petals 3, stamens 6or8 52. 70. ** Ovary a4-celled capsule .. .-..... **%* Ovary of 3 nearly distinct lobes, which become thick and fleshy in fruit #%%* Ovary a 5-celled capsule. + Leaves simple. Parasitic white or yellowish herbs, or ever- green herbs, not parasitic, capsule many- seeded we we TA Terrestrial, not much if at all fleshy, capsule 5-10-seeded. ce ee . Terrestrial, stem fleshy and translucent, cap- sule elastic, several-seeded . +t Leaves of 3 leaflets . . 48. (c) Ovary of 5 principal cells, each more or less divided by a partition into 2 cells; seeds flattish, with a mucilaginous coating . 50. (d) Ovary single, 2-5-celled ; fruit a berry 71. (e) Ovaries 2, seeds hairy-tufted . 81. 49. 47. 60. FOUNDATIONS OF BOTANY FAMILY PAGE Barberry 84 Pea or Pulse. . 117 Violet . 149 Poppy . 89 Parsley . . 158 Mustard . 93 Polygala . 134 Evening Primrose 156 Indian Cress. . 182 Pyrola ... . 164 Geranium. . . 129 Balsam... . 148 Wood-sorrel. . 1381 Flax . . 182 Ginseng. . 157 Milkweed . . 180 III. Gamopetalous Division. Calyx and corolla both present, the petals more or less united. (1) Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. (a) Leaves alternate. * Fruit splitting open. Fruit a legume . tee ew ew we we ABE Fruit a 5-celled capsule. . ..... =. ~~. ‘76. ** Fruit not splitting open, astone-fruit . . 55. ##* Fruit a berry. Pea or Pulse. . 117 Heath . 166 Holly. . 188 Ovary not adnate to the calyx ; seeds few, large Ovary not adnate to the calyx; seeds many, small... 1. 6. © Ovary adnate to the calyx . (b) Leaves opposite. * Fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule . ** Fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded capsule, Seeds winged . . Seeds not winged ; shrubs . # Fruit a 5-celled capsule **** Fruit a stone-fruit or berry. Fruit 1-2-seeded ; stamens 2 . Fruit 1-4-seeded ; stamens 4 . Fruit 1-5-seeded ; stamens 5 . (2) Herbs. (a) Ovary not adnate to the calyx, flowers regular. * Ovary separating into 2 distinct follicles. Style single, stamens distinct Styles 2, stamens united ** Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a legume . Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate. Stamens opposite the lobes of the corolla . Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla . Leaves opposite . ce ee ee Leaves all reduced to mere scales, plants never green, root-parasites *** Ovary 2-several-celled. Stamens 2 or 4 oe ee Stamens 5, cells of the ovary 1-2-seeded. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets . - Fruit acapsule . oc ee ee Stamens 5, cells of the ovary several-seeded. Stigma 1. . Stigmas3 . 2... ee ee (6) Ovary not adnate to the calyx, flowers irregular.