Part 1
ANNALS OF BOTANY VOL. XXI Oxford PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRES BY HORACE HART, M.A. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY ANNALS OF BOTANY EDITED BY ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. KING'S BOTANIST IN SCOTLAND, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY AND KEEPER OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH DUKINFIELD HENRY SCOTT, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. LATELY HONORARY KEEPER OF THE JODRELL LABORATORY, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW .JOHN BRETLAND FARMER, D.Sc, M.A., F.R.S. PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, LONDON AND ROLAND THAXTER, M.A., PH.D. PROFESSOR OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. ASSISTED BY OTHER BOTANISTS .- we . - e¢ s - wW ad ew? ,2@ e + . - « eos oe «¢ VOLUME XXI With One Portrait, Forty-six Plates, Ten Diagrams, and Thirty-one Figures in the Text Bondon HENRY FROWDE, M.A. AMEN CORNER, E.C. OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS DEPOSITORY, 116 HIGH STREET 1907 - °e e * e e e Ld . 58 @ere @e ee “ese > «886 8 ® @e0-+-e@e .ee8e * * e +4 %e? vouonse 7 a er yy 38° ofs fay ere ve ° e ee 47, arsde @se.» e? pa by » a? ares aasvee , ry od > 2 ® a vs, rd s -° » o a aeaud ofae ’ 5) ead baad aa. ap are CONTENTS. No. LXXXI, January, 1907. Lawson, ANSTROUTHER A.—The Gametophytes, Fertilization and Embryo of Cephalotaxus drupacea. With PlatesI-IV .. ‘ Gisss, L. S.—Notes on the Development and Structure of the Seed in the Alsinoideae. “With Plates V and VI, and four Figures in the Text . oe BERGTHEIL, C., AND Day, D. L.—On the Cause of ‘ Hardness’ in the Seeds of Indigofer arrecta. With Plate VII . . McNICOL, MARY.—The Bulbils and Pro-embryo of Lamprothamnus alopecurides “With Plate VIII. . . HEmMsLey, W. BOTTING.—Two new Triuridaceae, with some Remarks on n the Genus Sciaphila, Blume. With Plates IX and X . Brown, ADRIAN J.—On the Existence of a Semi-permeable Membrane enclosing the Seeds of some of the Gramineae . Scott, D. H., AND MASLEN, A. J. —The Structure of the Palaeozoic Seeds, Trigonocarpus Parkinsoni, Brongniart, and Trigonocarpus Oliveri, sp.nov. I. With Plates XI-XIV NOTES. Ewart, A. J.—The Delayed Dehiscence of Callistemon rigida, R.Br. . . . ° . Eris, Davip.— On the Constancy of Cilia-insertion in Bacteriacene . : . : . No. LXXXII, April, 1907. Hitt, A. W.—A Revision of the Geophilous Species of Peperomia, with some additional Notes on their Morphology and Seedling Structure. With Plate XV . . FARMER, J. BRETLAND, AND DicBy, L.—Studies in Apospory and Apogamy in Ferns With Plates XVI-XX © 6 Lanc, W. H.—On the Sporogonium of Notothylas. With Plate XXI . . WIGGLESWORTH, GRACE.—The Young Sporophytes of Lycopodium complanatum and Lycopodium clavatam. With Plate XXII, and four Diagrams inthe Text . : Fritscu, F. E.—The Subaerial and Freshwater Algal Flora of the Tropics. A Phyto- geographical and Ecological Study . . Storrs, M. C.—A Note on Wounded Calamites. With Plate XXIII, and four Diagrams in the Text . . Lawson, A. A.—The Gametophytes and Embryo of the Cupressineae, with special reference to Libocedrus decurrens. With PlatesXXIV-XXVI . . NOTES. OLiver, F. W.—Note on the Palaeozoic Seeds, Trigonocarpus and Polylophospermam - Brrr, RuDOLF.—The Supernumerary Pollen-grains of Fuchsia... . Fraser, H. C. I.—Contributions to the Cytology of Humaria rutilans, Fr. PAGE 35 57 - 61 71 79 89 135 137 139 161 201 ait 235 277 281 303 305 3°7 v1 Contents. No, LXXXMII, July, 1907. PAGE MOTTIER, Davin M.—The Development of the Heterotypic Chromosomes in Pollen Mother- cells, With Plates XXVII and XXVIII . . 309 Fraser, H.C, I.—On the Sexuality and Development of the Ascocarp i in Lachnea Stereore, Pers. With Plates XXIX and XXX _ 349 CLARK, A. M.—Secondary Thickening in Kendrickia Walkeri, Hook. f. Ww ith Plate XXXII. 361 HICKLING, GEORGE.—The Anatomy of Palaeostachya vera. With Plates XXXII and XXXII, and four Figures inthe Text. . : . ‘ . . . . 369 BAYLIss, JESSIE S.—On the Galvanotropism of Roots. With four Figures in the Text and two Curves . ‘ . . 38> PRIESTLEY, J. H., AND IRVING, ANNIE A. —The Structure of the Chloroplast considered i in Relation to its Function. Withtwo Figuresinthe Text. . . . . . 407 RIDLEY, H. N.—Branching in Palms. With Plates XXXIV-XXXIX . ‘ 415 FRITSCH, F. E., AND RICH, FLORENCE.—Studies on the Occurrence and Reproduction of British Freshwater Algae in Nature. I. Preliminary Observations on Spirogyra. With eleven Figures in the Text , . . . . . . - - 423 NOTE. Scott, Daisy G.—On the Distribution of Chlorophyll in the Young Shoots of Woody Plants 437 No. LXXXIV, October, 1907. Evans, I. B. POLE.—The Cereal Rusts. I. With Plates XL-XLIII . : : . - 441 CAMPBELL, DOUGLAS HOUGHTON.— Studies on some Javanese Anthocerotaceae. I. With Plates XLIV-XLVI . . . . . 467 WHITE, JEAN.—The Influence of Pollination on the Respiratory Activity of the Gynaeceum - 487 REED, HOWARD SPRAGUE.—The Value of Certain Nutritive Elements to the Plant Cell. With two Figures inthe Text . . . . . . . . . . - « §0! CONTENTS AND INDEX . . . . . . . V-viii VINES, S. H. — Biographical Sketch of Harry Marshall Ward ‘with Portrait) . . . . ix INDEX. A. ORIGINAL PAPERS AND NOTES. BaYLiss, Miss J. S.—On the Galvanotropism of Roots. With four Figures in the Text and two Curves. - re er er Beer, R.—The Supernumerary Pollen-grains of Fuchsia Keacturic, C., ann Day, D. L.—On the Cause of ‘ Hardness’ in the Seeds of Indigofer arrecta. With Plate VII. . Brows, A. J.—On the Existence of a Semi-permeable membrane enclosing the Seeds of some of the Gramineac . CAMPBELL, D. H.—Studies on some » Javanese Anthocerotaceae. 1 With Plates XLIV-XLVI Ciark, A. M.—Secondary Thickening in Kendrickia Walkeri, Hook.f. With Plate XXXI. Day, D. L., see Bergtheil, C. Dicsy, L., see Farmer, J. B. E.uis, D.—On the Constancy of Cilia-insertion in Bacteriaceae .. . . . . . Evans, I]. B Potr.—The Cereal Rusts. I. With Plates XL-XLI 2 ©... Ewart, A. J.—The Delayed Debiscence of Callistemon rigida, R.Br. FARMER, RE vee Diesy, L..—Studies in Apospory and Apogamy in Ferns With Plates FRASER, H. C.1. —Contributions to the Cytology of Iiumaria ratilans, Fr. ——————- On the Sexuality and Development of the Ascocarp in Lachnea Hercores, Pers. With Plates XXIX and XXX ° Fritscu, F. E—The Subaerial and Freshwater Algal Flora of the Tropics A Phytogeo: graphical and Ecological Study Fattscu, F. E, anv Rick, Miss F.—Studies on the Occurrence and Reproduction of British Freshwater Algae in Nature. I. Preliminary Observations on Spirogyra. With eleven Figures in Text . . Gisus, L.. S.—Notes on the Development and Structure of the Seed i in the Alsinoidese. ‘With Plates V and VI, and four Figures in the Text . . : Hemstey, W. B.—Two new Triuridaceae. W th some Remarks on the Genus Sciaphila Blome. With Plates IX and X . Hicktine,G, The Anatomy of Palacostachya vera. Ww ith Plates XXXII and XXXIIL, and four Figures in the Text . Hitt, A. W.—A Revision of the Geo hilous Species ‘of Peperomia, with some additional Notes on their Morphology cop Seedling Structure. With PlateXV . Invinc, Miss A. A,, see Priestley, J. H. Laxc, W. H1.—On the Sporogonium of Notothylas. With Plate XXI.. Lawson, A. A.—The Gametophytes, Fertilization and Embryo of Cephalotaxus drupacea, W ith Plates LIV. The Gametophytes and Embryo of the Cu ine, with special reference to Libocedrus decurrens. \Vith Plates XXIV-XXVI MCNICUOL, ah Iss pr — The Bulbils and Pro-embryo of Lamprothamavs slopecaroides. ‘With late . . . Mastin, A. J., see Scott, LD. H. Mottier, D. M.—The Development of the Heterotypic Chromosomes in Pollen Mother- cells. With Plates XXVI1 and XXVIII. . . O.iver, F. W.—Note oa the Palaeozoic Seeds, Trigonocarpus and Polylophospermum . ; Pritstcey, J. H., anD Irnvinc, Miss A. A.—The Structure of the Chloroplast considered in Relation to its Function. With two Figures in the Text . . Reep, Howargp Spracur.—The Value of Certain Nutzsitive Elements to ‘the Plant Cel With two Figures in the Text . . Kicnh, Miss F., see Fritsch, F. E. Kip.ey, H. N.—Branching in Palms. With Plates XXNXIV-XXXIX . . Scott, es D. G.— On the Distribution of Chlorophyll in the Voung Shoots of Woody Scott, D. H., aNp ) MASLEN, A. J.—The Structure of the Palaeozoic ‘Seeds, Tr ocarpus Parkinsoni, Brongniart, © and ‘Trigonocarpas — Oliveri, *P. nov. I. ith Plates XI-XIV . _ - PAGE 387 305 57 79 467 361 137 441 135 161 397 349 335 423 25 71 369 139 201 281 61 399 303 407 501 415 437 89 Vill Stores, M. C.—A Note on Wounded Calamites. Index. in the Text Vines, S. H.—- Biographical Sketch of Harry Marshall Ward (with Portrait) . WHITE, JEAN.—The Influence of Pollination on the Respiratory Activity of the Gynaeceum . 487 WIGGLESWORTH, Miss G.—The Young RT aad of Lycopodium com lanatum and Lycopodium clavatum. With Plate XXII, and four Diagrams in the Text. a, PLATES. I-1V. V, VI. VIL. VIII. IX, X. XI-XIV. XV. XVI-XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV-XXVI. XXXVI, XXVIII. XXIX, XXX. XXXI. XXXII, XXXVI. XXXIV-XXXIX. XL-XLIN. XLIV-XLVI. 6. FIGURES. I-3. we i ws Ans a bm oo ws ¢. DIAGRAMS, 1-4. I-4. Curves I and 2. Syereernr ros B. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Portrait of Harry Marshall Ward (Frontisprece). Cephalotaxus drupacea (LAWsON). Alsinoideae (GIBBS). Indigofera (BERGTHEIL and Day). Lamprothamnus (MCNICOL). On Triuridaceae (HEMSLEY). Trigonocarpus (SCOTT and MASLEN). Peperomia (HILL). Apospory and Apogamy in Ferns (FARMER and DiGBy). Notothylas (LANG). Lycopodium (WIGGLESWORTII). Wounded Calamites (STOPES). Cupressineae (Lawson). Heterotypic Chromosomes (MO‘TIER). Lachnea (FRASER). Kendrickia (CLARK). Palaeostachya (HICKLING). Branching of Palms (RIDLEY). Cereal Rusts (POLE EVANS). Anthocerotaceae (CAMPBELL). The Axile Cells of the Nucellus (G1BBs) The Axile Cells of the Nucellus (GIBBs) Clusters of Fruits on stems of Callistemon rigida (EWART) Polylophospermum stephanense (OLIVER) Diagrammatic Longitudinal Section of Cone (HicKLING) Slightly oblique internodal transverse section (HICKLING | Oblique-transverse section (HICKLING) . , . Oblique-transverse section (HICKLING) ._. Seedlings growing in gelatine (BAYLIss) . Apparatus used for weak constant current (BAYLiss) Roots showing abnormal thickening (BAYLISS) Root of Broad Bean showing abnormal thickening (BAYLISs) . Sections of the Chloroplast (PRIESTLEY and IRVING) Splitting of Chloroplasts (PRIESTLEY and IRVING) . Spirogyra varians (FRITSCH and RICH) . Spirogyra affinis (FRITSCH and RICH) Spirogyra Weberi (FRITSCH and RICH) . Spirogyra longata (FRITSCH and RICH) . Spirogyra longata (FRITSCH and RICH) . Spirogyra neglecta, forma (FRITSCH and RICH) Spirogyra termata (FRITSCH and RICH) . Transverse section through inflorescence axis (ScoTT) Tangential section through phloem (ScoTT) . Effect of absence of potassium on cells (REED) Spirogyra cell (REED) . . . Lycopodium complanatum (WIGGLESWORTH ) Wounded Calamites (STOPES) . Galvanotropism of Roots (BAYLISS) PAGE With Plate XXIII, and four r Dingrains - 297 ix ait 36 38 136 3°4 37° 373 373 377 39° 39t 397 397 409 411 434 434 434 434 434 434 434 437 437 519 - §33 220-226 278, 279 - 398 HARRY MARSHALL WARD. (With Portrait.) of hie life and appreciations of his work have unt of Ward, in the pages of the and regret, will not be superfluous, with the inception and conduct of toa dwell here upon the details of his in facts. He was born at Hereford about twenty years later, in 1875, instruction in Botany conducted at -Dyer. So deep was the impression on his teachers, that they urged him, | career. The financial difficulties artly by a scholarship at Christ’s 0 residence at the University in te he fully availed himself of the ies of Biology, gaining thereby a : that stood him in good stead in m a first class in the Natural Science » than he threw himself into research ublished papers (see appended list) _ he prosecuted his botanical studies under Professor Sachs at Wiirzburg and Professor de Bary at Strassburg ; and it was doubtless from the latter that he received the impulse which led him to devote himself especially to Mycology. But these studies were cut short by his appointment by the Government of Ceylon as cryptogamic botanist to investigate the Coffee-Leaf Disease that was ravaging that island. He spent two years there, and, though he successfully elucidated the life-history of the Fungus, he was unable to discover any effectual remedy. On his return to England he was clected a Berkeley Fellow at Owens College, Manchester, and became assistant to the late Professor Williamson, F.R.S. In 1883 hc was elected a Fellow of Christ’s College, {Annals of Botany, Vol. XXI. No. LEYXXIV. October, 1907.) ALTHOUGH several notices of his life already appeared, some further accou Annals, if only as a tribute of regard a inasmuch as he was closely associated \ this periodical. It will not, however, be necessary to life: it will suffice to mention the main in 1854, and his scientific life began al when he attended a course of practical i South Kensington by Sir W. Thiselton-I made by his ability and enthusiasm upor if possible, to enter upon a botanical | having been fortunately overcome, par College, Cambridge, Ward went into October, 1876. As an undergraduate opportunities of study in all branche: breadth of knowledge and of outlook his subsequent work, and secured for him Tripos of 1879. No sooner had he taken his degree 1 with characteristic ardour, his first pul being dated 1880, At the same time ft x Hlarry Marshall Ward. Cambridge, and in 1885 he left Manchester to occupy the Chair of Botany in the Forestry Department of the Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper’s Hill. There he remained for ten years, and though closely occupied with his official duties he found time to carry out several of his most important researches, especially those upon the bacteriology of the Thames. More- over his routine work led him to enter upon a new line of study, that of timber and trees, of which the outcome is to be found in his books on the Oak, on Timber, on Trees, &c., as well as in the works, such as his paper on Stereum and his books on plant-diseases, which include also mycological research. In fact Ward, at this stage, seems to have become profoundly impressed with the desirability of combining as far as possible scientific research with the attainment of practical ends, an attitude that found its fullest expression in his presidential address at Toronto in 1897, which dealt with the economic significance of the Fungi. In 1895 Ward was called to succeed Professor Babington in the Chair of Botany at Cambridge, and here, perhaps for the first time, he found himself in a wholly congenial atmosphere with full and free scope for all his activities. Under his care the botanical school flourished, and so increased in numbers and importance that the University erected for its accommoda- tion a large and well-equipped institute which, together with other buildings, was opened by His Majesty the King tn March, 1904. It was during this period that he pursued his last and perhaps most important line of research, the investigation of the Rusts that infest the Brome-grasses. He established the existence of physiological races of these fungi, showing that certain species of Brome can only be infected by certain breeds of Rusts; and, from the point of view of his Croonian lecture of 1890, he endeavoured to ascertain the causes of immunity and of infectibility. Without having absolutely solved the problem, he proved that the structure of the host is not the determining factor, and madc it probable that this factor is to be sought in the secretion of enzymes or toxins by the would-be parasite on the one hand, and of ant-enzymes and anti-toxins by the host on the other. Incidentally he had occasion to investigate the ‘Mycoplasm’ theory of Professor Eriksson, and failed to confirm his observations. This led to a spirited discussion of the subject on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association at Cambridge in 1904. Soon after this it became noticeable that Ward’s health was giving way. He continued his professorial work as far as his strength permitted, but his increasing weakness was only too evident. The end came, somewhat unexpectedly, during a stay at Torquay, on Sunday, Aug. 26, 1906 ; and on Sept. 3 he was laid to rest in the Huntingdon Road Cemetery, Cambridge. His merits did not pass without recognition during his life. In 1886 flarry Marshall Ward. xi he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, and was elected to the Royal Society in 1888, receiving a Royal Medal in 1893; he served on the Council of the Linnean Society 1887-9, and on that of the Royal Society 1895-6. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge, in 1897, and received the degree of D.Sc. honoris causa from the Victoria University in 1902. He was President of the British Mycological Society 1900-2, and had received the honorary fellowship of various learned societies. And now that he is gone from us, we, his old friends and colleagues, would honour his memory by expressing, however inadequately, our deep sense of the loss we have sustained. We recall his unswerving loyalty and effective co-operation as a fellow-pioneer in this country of what, a quarter of a century ago, was derisively termed the ‘New Botany, though it was but a renascence of the botany of Hales, Knight, Robert Brown, and Henfrey: we remember his varied gifts, his geniality, his untiring industry, his never-failing enthusiasm: we recognize what he has achieved for the study of Mycology in Britain, carrying on the work of Berkeley and maintaining his high standard. Above all, we are conscious that the gap left in our ranks can never be filled for us. But we draw comfort from the confidence that the future of the cause for which both he and we have striven is assured: new ranks are forming, recruited largely from among Ward’s pupils, ready