Part 1
“1, 3o ANNALS OF BOTANY VOL. XII ANNALS OF BOTANY EDITED BY ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A., M.D., F.RS. QUEEN’) BUTANIST IN SCOTLAND, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY AMD KEEPER OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH SYDNEY HOWARD VINES, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. VPELLOW OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, AND SHERARDIAN PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD D. H. SCOTT, M.A., PH.D., F.R-S. MOMORARY KEAPER OF THE JOORELL LABORATORY, ROYAL GARDENS, KEW AND WILLIAM GILSON FARLOW, M.D. PROPER OF CEIPTOGAMIC BUTARY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGK, MADSS., U.S.A. ASSISTED BY OTHER BOTANISTS VOLUME XII Bondon HENRY FROWDE, M.A., AMEN CORNER, E.C. OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS DEPOSITORY, 116 HIGH STREET 18,8 LIBRARY OF THE LELAVD STANFORD JR. UNIVERSIT*. AH#35'TC. SEP 4 1900 Oxford PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, M.A. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY CONTENTS. No. XLV, March, 1898. CAMPBELL, D. H.—The Development of the Flower and Embryo in PAGE Lilaea subulata, H.B.K. (With Plates I-III). I WEsT, W. and WEsT, G. S.—Observations on the Conjugatae. (Ww ith Plates IV and V). . 29 Warp, H.M.—A Violet Bacillus from the ‘Thames. (Ww ith Plate VI) 59 CuurcH, A. H.—The Polymorphy of Cutleria maltiica, Grev. wy ith Plates VII-IX) . . 75 Dawson, M.—On the Structure of an ‘Ancient Paper . ~ 8 es Ut NOTES. TOWNSEND, C. O.—Correlation of Growth under the Influence of Injuries . . . . . . . WG Dixon, H. H.—Gelatine as a Fixative : . . . . . Way Groom, P.—Lathraea Squamaria tj. . . . . . . 118 No. XLVI, June, 1898. Jounxson, D. S.—On the Development of the Leaf and Sporocarp in Marsilia quadrifolia, L. (With Plates X-XII). . 119 PARKIN, J.—On some points in the Histology of Monocotyledons. (With Plate XIII) . . 147 Manus, P.— On Aecidium graveolens (Shattlew. , (With Plate XIV) 155 BIFFEN, R. H.—The Coagulation of Latex . 165 PHILLIPS, R. W.—The Development of the Cystocarp in Rhody- meniales: I!. Delesseriaceae. (With Plates XV and XVI). 173 WORSDELL, W. C.—The Vascular Structure of the Sporophylls of the Cycadaceae. (With Plates XVI] and XVIII). . 203 Keip, C.—Further Contributions to the Geological thetory ¢ of the British Flora. . . . 243 NOTES. Lano, W. H.—On Apogamy and the Development of Sporangia upon Fern-Prothalli . 251 MASLEN, A. J.—The Ligule in Lepidostrobus. (With Woodeut 1) . 256 vi Contents, No. XLVII, September, 1898. PAGE SHaw, W. R.—The Fertilization of Onoclea. (With Plate XIX) . 261 Warp, H. M.—Some Thames Bacteria. (With Plates XX and XXI) 287 HILL, T. G.—On the Roots of Bignonia. (With Plate XXII) . » 323 BARBER, C. A.—Cupressinoxylon vectense. (With Plates XXIII and XXIV) . 329 EwaktT, A. J.—The Action of Cold and of Sunlight upon Aquatic Plants . . 363 Scott, R., and SARGANT, E. —On the Development of Arum maculatum from the Seed. (With Plate XXV) . . . . - 399 NOTES. Ewart, A. J.—The Action of Chloroform on CO,-assimilation . » 405 Lewis, F. J.—The Action of Light on Mesocarpus . . ~ « 418 No. XLVIII, December, 1898. GANONG, W. F.—Contribations to a Knowledge of the Cactaceae : I. The Comparative Morphology of the Embryos and Seedlings. (With Plate XXVI). ° 423 PEARSON, H. H. W.—Anatomy of the Seedling of Bowenia spectablis, (With Plates XXVII and XXVIII). - 475 GREEN, J. R.—The Alcohol-producing Enzyme of Yeast . 491 WAGER, H.—The Nucleus of the Yeast-Plant (With Plates XXIX and XXX) . . . - 499 VinEs, S. H.—The Proteolytic Enzyme of Nepenthes, II. , » 845 NOTES. BURKILL, I. H.—Changes in the Sex of Willows . - 557 JONEs, C. E.—Anatomy of the Stem of Species of Lycopodium . . . 558 WILLIAMS, J. LLoyp.—Reproduction in Dictyota dichotoma . 559 Huik, L. H.—Changes in the Gland-Cells of Drosera Produced by various Food-materials . . . 560 WARD, H. M.—A Potato-Disease . . . . . 561 Penicillium as a Wood-destroying Fungus . 565 ELLis, W.G. P.—A Method of obtaining Material for itustratng Smut in Barley. . 566 ERRERA, L.—Structure of the Yeast: Cell . : . . . . 567 Osmotic Optimum and Measurements . 568 PHILLIPS, R. W.—The Form of the Protoplasmic Body in certain Florideae . - 569 KLEss, G.—Alternation of Generations i in the Thallophytes . - §70 LanG, W. H.—Alternation of Generations in the Archegoniatae . - §83 HARTOG, M.—Alternation of Generations . . . . . - §93 - CONTENTS AND INDEX . . . isviii HOOKER, Sik J. D.—Biographical Memoir of George Bentham. (With Portrait) . . . . . . . . ix-xxx INDEX. A. ORIGINAL PAPERS AND NOTES. PAGE BARBER, C. A.—Cupressinoxylon vectense. (With Plates XXIII and XXIV - 2 BIFFEN, R. H.—The Coagulation of Latex . . : . . it BURKILL, 1. H.—Changes in the Sex of Willows . 557 CAMPBELL, D. H.—The Development of the Flower and ‘Embryo in Lilaea subulata, H. B. K. (With Plates I-III) . 1 CnurcuH, A. H.—The Polymorphy of Cutleria multifida, Grev. (With Plates VII-IX) . . 75 Dawson, M.—On the Structure ofan Ancient Paper . . , - Us Dixon, H. H.—Gelatine asa Fixative 117 ELLIs, W.G. P.—A Method of obtaining Material for illustrating Smut in Barley. . 566 Errera, L.— Suructure of the Yeast-Cell . . . . . §67 Osmotic Optimum and Measurements . 568 Ewart, A. J.—The Action of Cold and of Sunlight upon Aquatic Plants . 363 The Action of Chloroform on COvassimilation . 415 GANONG, W. F.—Contributions to a Knowledge of the Cactaceae : II. The Comparative Morphology of the Embryos and Seedlings. (With Plate XXVI). . 423 GREEN, y R.—The Alcohol- -producing Enzyme | of Yeast . . - 491 Groom, P.—Lathraea Squamaria. . . . . 118 Hartoc, M.—Alternation of Generations . . - 593 HIL., T. G.—On the Roots of Bi moni. (Ww ith Plate XXII, . 323 Hooker, J. D.— » Biographical b moir of George Bentham. (W ith Portrait) . ix Huts, L. H.—Changes in “the Gland-Cells of Drosera produced by various Food-materials 560 JOHNSON, D. S.—On the Development of the Leaf and Sporocarp in in Marsilia quadrifolia, L. (With Plates X-XII). lig Jones, C. E.—Anatomy of the Stem of Species of Lycopodium . - 5858 KLExs, G.—Alternation of Generations in the Thallophytes —. 570 Lanc, W. H.—On Apogamy and the Development of Sporangia upon Fem-Prothalli . . 251 Alternation of Generations in the Archegoniatae . . - «+ §83 Lewis, F. J.—The Action of Light on Mesocarpus. 418 MaGnus, P.—On Aecidium graveolens (Shuttlew.). (With Plate XIV) 15 MASLEN, A. J.—The Ligule in Lepidostrobus. (With Woodcut1) . 35 Vill Index. PAGE PARKIN, J.—On some points in the Histology of Monocotyledons. With Plate XIII) . 147 PEARSON, H. H. W.—Anatomy of the Seedling of Bowenia spectabilis. (With Plates XXVII and XXVIII). 475 PHILLIPS, R. W.—The Development of the Cystocarp in Rhody- meniales: II, Delesseriaceae. (With Plates XV and XVI). 173 The Form of the Protoplasmic Body in certain Florideae_ . 569 REID, C.—Further Contributions to the Geological History of the British Flora . 243 ScoTT, R., and SARGANT, E.—On the Development of Arum maculatum from the Seed. (With Plate XXV). - 399 SHAW, W. R.—The Fertilization of Onoclea. (With Plate XIX) - 261 TOWNSEND, C. O.—Correlation of Growth under the Influence of Injuries . . . . Wy VINEs, S. H.—The Pro teolytic Enzyme of Nepenthes, II. 545 WaGER, H.—The Nucleus of the Yeast-Plant. (With Plates XX1X and XXX) 499 Warp, H. M.—A Violet Bacillus from the Thames, (With Plate e VI). 59 Some Thames Bacteria. (With Plates XX and *XM) . 287 A Potato-Disease 561 Penicillium as a Wood-destroying Fungus 565 WEsT, W., and West, G. S.—Observations on the Conjugatae. (With Plates IV and V). . 29 WILLIAMS, J. LLoyp.— eproduction in Dictyota dichotoma 559 WoRSDELL, W. C.—The Vascular Structure of the Sporophylls of the Cycadaceae. (With Plates XVII and XVIII). 203 . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. @, PLATES. I. Portrait of George Bentham (Frontispiece). I, 11, 111. Development of Flower and Embryo in Lilaea subulata (CAMPBELL), 1V, V. Observations on Conjugatae (WEsT, W., and WEsT, G.S.). VI. Violet Bacillus from the Thames (WarD). VII, VIII, IX. Polymorphy of Cutleria multifida (CHURCH). X, XI, XII. Development of Leaf and Sporocarp in Marsilia quadrifolia (JOHNSON). XIII. Some points in the Histology of Monocotyledons (PARKIN). XIV. Aecidium graveolens (MAGNUS). XV, XVI. Development of Cystocarp in Delesseriaceae (PHILLIPS). XVII, XVIII. Vascular Structure of Sporophylls of Cycadaceae (WORSDELL). XIX. Fertilization of Onoclea (SHAW). XX, XXI. Some Thames Bacteria (WARD). XXII. Roots of Bignonia (HILL). XXIII, XXIV. Cupressinoxylon vectense (BARBER). XXV. Development of Arum maculatum (ScoTT and SARGANT). XXVI. Comparative Morphology of Embryos and Seedlings of Cactaceae (GANONG). XXVIII, XXVIII. Anatomy of Seedling of Bowenia spectabilis (PEARSON). XXIX, XXX. Nucleus of the Yeast-Plant (WAGER). 6. WoopcuT. Ligule in Lepidostrobus (MASLEN). GEORGE BENTHAM, F.RS. (Wstk Portrait.) THE following account of the life and labours of George Bentham is based on an obituary notice which I communi- cated to Nature (Vol. XXX, October 1884, p. 359). In reproducing it in the present form, I have enlarged it con- siderably, and further availed myself of four subsequent accounts, namely, of Mr. Thiselton-Dyer's Eulogium, read before the Linnean Society (Proceedings, Sessions 1887-1889); of Prof. Gray's Memorial, presented to the American Academy of Arte and Sciences (Journal, Vol. XXIX, February, 1885) ; of Prof. Oliver's Obituary notice (Proc. Royal Society, 1885), and of Mr. Daydon Jackson's notice (Proc. Linn. Soc., Session 1884-5). The reminiscences of his very early life are taken from an autobiography which he commenced very shortly before his death, but which he was unable to continue. The life of George Bentham presents such variety, such startling changes of conditions, and a combination of so many natural and acquired mental! powers of a high order, that it cannot be perused without the question arising, how far heredity and environments had influenced his career. Such being the case, I think no apology is needed for com- mencing this sketch with some account of his parentage. He was born on September 22, 1800, in the village of Stoke, near Portsmouth. His father, afterwards Sir Samuel Bentham, who was the son of a wealthy scrivener in the Minories, and the only brother of Jeremy Bentham the publicist, devoted himecif as a youth to the study of Naval Architecture, and at the age of 22, at the suggestion of Lord Howe, went to Russia with the view of further instructing X George Bentham, F.R.S. himself in that science. Then he travelled to the Crimea, visited the naval establishments in the Baltic and the Black Sea, and thence went on to Siberia (penetrating to the frontiers of China) for the purpose of making himself ac- quainted with the mines, foundries, and other great industries of that country. Meanwhile he had gained the friendship of Prince Potemkin, who, impressed by his genius and ability, induced him to enter the service of the Empress Catherine IT, who gave him a Lieutenant-Colonel’s commission, without requiring him to pass through the subaltern grades of the army. In this capacity he was sent to the Crimea, where, amongst many other engineering feats, he built a flotilla of gun-boats, in command of which (under Prince Potemkin) he gained a signal victory over the whole Turkish fleet in the Black Sea. For this he received from the Empress the cross of St. George, conferring Knighthood, a sword of honour, and promotion to the rank of Colonel in command of a cavalry regiment in Siberia, which country he re-traversed from the Obi to the Amur, engaged chiefly in the construction of boats for the navigation of the Siberian rivers. After the death of the Empress he returned to England, left the Russian service, and entered that of the Admiralty, by whom he was commissioned to return to Russia, and there superintend the building of some ships for the British Navy. Thither he went with his wife and family, including George, and remained, till the declaration of war with that country required his recall. Finally he rose to be Inspector of all our dockyards, in which capacity he introduced a multitude of improvements, including steam saw- and other mills, the replacement of water-casks in ships by iron tanks; and with Sir Isambard Mark Brunel, whom he brought over from the Continent, he constructed the eccentric machinery for turning elliptic blocks’. G. Bentham’s mother was the daughter of Dr. G. Fordyce, F.R.S., an eminent London physician, and lecturer on shemistry, author of various works on medicine and agri- * Sir Samuel Bentham’s portrait hangs in Greenwich Hospital. ch George Bentham, F.R.S. x1 culture. She was a woman of remarkable power of mind, who aided her father in his scientific labours, and her husband in preparing his voluminous official reports to the Admiralty. At the age of 80 she wrote a beautiful hand, and during the Crimean war, when considerably over 90, she commenced a series of letters to the 7imes, urging the adoption of guns of a large calibre, and other improvements in war-material, the inventions of her late husband, whose Life she published in 1862. Not less influential on George Bentham’s career was the teaching of his uncle Jeremy, who imbued him with that love for methodical and logical analysis which is so con- spicuous in all his nephew’s writings. As has been well remarked in this relation, ‘The same inherited aptitude and contemporary influences which produced a great publicist in Jeremy, yielded, by an almost accidental deflection, a great systematic botanist in his nephew ' (Eulogium, p. 8). Environments were as favourable to Bentham in his scientific career, as were the qualities of his progenitors. He was one of five children (three of them girls), all of them precocious. They were taught to read by words, not by syllables or letters, and the two brothers commenced learning Latin before they were five years old. In 1805 the whole family accompanied the father to Russia, where their education was entrusted to a talented Russian lady who could speak no English, whilst in Latin the boys were instructed by a Russian priest, of whom George in after life always spoke with great regard. Music, of which the latter became passionately fond, was not neglected, and it resulted in his becoming an accomplished pianist. Thus, having a remarkable facility for acquiring languages, Bentham could, at seven years old, converse fluently in English, French, German, and Russian, to which, by hard work, he added Swedish, during a detention of some weeks at Carls- crona on the voyage back to England. The said voyage proved a tempestuous and pcrilous one. Embarking at Revel in a Russian frigate, with a crew, few of whom had ever before seen the sea, they were tossed about in the Baltic