Part 1
j4s3b ANNALS OF BOTANY VOL. x Orford PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART PRINTRR TO THE UNIVERSITY ANNALS OF BOTANY EDITED BY ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. QUEEN'S BOTANIST IN SCOTLAND, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY AND KEEPER OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH SYDNEY HOWARD VINES, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. FELLOW OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, AND SHERARDIAN PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD D. H. SCOTT, M.A., PH.D., F.R.S. HONORARY KEEPER OF THE JODRELL LABORATORY, ROYAL GARDENS, KEW AND WILLIAM GILSON FARLOW, M.D. PROFESSOR OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. ASSISTED BY OTHER BOTANISTS VOLUME X With XXVIII Plates, in part coloured, and 3 Woodcuts Bondon , HENRY FROWDE, AMEN CORNER, E.C. OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS DEPOSITORY, 116 HIGH STREET 1896 CONTENTS. No. XXXVII, March, 1896. HuMPHREY, J. E.—The Development of the Seed in the Scitamineae. (With Plates I-IV) . . I P8ENHALLOw, D. P.—Nematophyton Ortoni, n. sp. (With Plate V) . 41 Davis, B. M.—The Fertilization of Batrachospermum. (With Plates | Viand VID... . 49 Harvey GIsson, R. J. — Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Anatomy of the Genus Selaginella, Spr: Part II, The PAGE Ligule. (With Plate VIII). . re & / NOTES. WAGER, H.—Reproduction and Fertilization in Cystopus candidus_. 89 Groom, P.—Preliminary Note on the Relation between Calcium and the Conduction of Carbohydrates in Plants . . 9! PHILLIPS, R. W.—Note on Saccorhiza bulbosa, J. G. Age .» and Alaria esculenta, Grev. . - 96 BarBer, C. A.—Thorns with Corky Bases ; a Correction ° . . 98 HartoG, M.—The Cytology of Saprolegnia . . . . 98 Bower, F. O. Studies in the Morphology of Spore-producing Members. Part II: Ophioglossaceae . . . 100 Preliminary Statement on the Sorus of Danaea : . 105 SARGANT, E.—Direct Nuclear Division in the Embryo-sac of Lilium Martagon. . . . . . . . . - 107 No. XXXVIII, June, 1896. BREBNER, G.—On the Prothallus and Embryo of Danaea simplicifolia, Rudge. (With PlateIX) . . . . . 0g Masszez, G.—A Revision of the Genus Coprinus. (With Plates X_ and XI) . 123 PHILLIPS, R. W.—On the Development of the ‘Cystocarp in Rhodo- melaceae (II‘. (With Plates XII and XIII) - 185 SEWARD, A. C.—Notes on the Geological History of Monocotyledons. (With Plate XIV) . . . . - 205 HEMSLEY, W. B.—The Flora of Lord Howe Island . . . . 2a NOTES. FARMER, J. B.—Respiration and Assimilation in Cells containing Chlorophyll . . 285 GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, D.T.—A New Case of Polystely in Dicotyledons a89 Vings, S. H. Demonstration of Root-pressure and Transpiration . . 4% agt The Digestive Ferment of Nepenthes . . . . . - 292 v1 Contents. PAGE EscoMBE, F.—Chemistry of Lichenic and Fungal Membranes. - 293 EwanktT, A. J.—Diaheliotropism of Radial Members . . ‘ - 294 No. XXXIX, September, 1896. WAGER, H.—On the Structure and Reproduction of Cystopus candidus, Lév. (With Plates XV and XVI) . 295 BurT, E. A.—The Development of Mutinus caninus (Huds. ), Fr. (With Plates XVII and XVIII) .. 343 MacDoucat, D. T.—The Mechanism of Curvature of Tendrils. (With Plate XIX) . . 373 OsTERHOUT, W. J. V.—On the Life-history of Rhabdonia tenera, J. Ag. (With Plates XX and XXI) . . 403 Vines, S. H.—The Suction-force of Transpiring Branches. (With Woodcut 1) . ° ‘ 429 SARGANT, E.—The Formation of the Sexual Nuclei i in Lilium Martagon. (With Plates XXII and XXIII) . . . . . - 445 NOTE. FARMER, J. B.—On Fertilization, and the Segmentation of the Spore in Fucus. . . . . . . . . - 479 No. XL, December, 1896. CAMPBELL, D. H.—The Development of Geothallus tuberosus, Camp- bell. (With Plates XXIV and XXV) . - 489 PIETERS, A. J.—The Influence of Fruit-bearing on the Development of Mechanical Tissue in some Frnit-Trees_. 511 RICHARDS, H. M.—The Respiration of Wounded Plants. (With Woodcuts 2 and 3) : §31 WENT, F. A. F. C.—Notes on Sugar-Cane Diseases. (w ith Plate XXVI) 583 WORSDELL, W. C.—The Anatomy of the Stem of Macrozamia com- pared with that of other Genera of Cyeadene. (With Plates XXVII and XXVIID . . . . ‘ 601 NOTES. Druce, G. C. The Occurrence of a Hybrid Gentian in Britain . : . . 6ar The Hybrids of Linaria repens and L. vulgaris in Britain. - 622 GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, D. T.—The Arrangement of the Vascular Bundles in certain Nymphaeaceae . 624 Hug, L. H.—Changes in the Tentacle of Drosera rotundifoti, pro- duced by feeding with Egg-albumen . - 625 SEWARD, A. C.—A new Cycad from the Isle of Portland . . . 626 KEEBLE, F. W.—Observations on the Loranthaceae of Ceylon . - 626 TRAIL, J. W. H.—Preliminary Notes on Floral Deviations in some Species of Polygonum . . . . . . . - 627 REPORT of a Discussion on the Ascent of Water in Trees, held in ‘Section K at the Meeting of the British Association in Liverpool, September 18, 1896 . » 6 «© « «6 630 INDEX. A. ORIGINAL PAPERS AND NOTES. PAGE BARBER, C. A.—Thorns with Corky Bases; a Correction . . . 98 Bower, F. O. Studies in the Morphology of Spore-producing Members. Part II: Ophioglossaceae . - 100 Preliminary Statement on the Sorus of Danaea. 100 BREBNER, G.—On the Prothallus and Embryo of Danaea simplicifoli, Rudge. (With Plate IX) . 109 Burt, E. A—-The Development of Mutinus caninus (Huds. )s Fr. (With Plates XVII and XVIII) . 343 CAMPBELL, D. H.—The Development of Geothallus tuberosus, Camp- bell. (With Plates XXIV and XXV) . 489 Davis, B. M.—The Fertilization of Batrachospermurm. (With Plates VI and VII). . . . . 49 Druce, G. C. The Occurrence of a Hybrid Gentian in Britain . . . Gar The Hybrids of Linaria repens and L. vulgaris in Britain. - 622 EscoMBE, F.—Chemistry of Lichenic and Fungal Membranes... - 293 EwaktT, A. J.—Diaheliotropism of Radial Members . . . - 294 FARMER, J. B. Respiration and Assimilation in Cells containing Chlorophyll . 385 Fertilization, and the Segmentation of the Spore in Fucus . - 479 GIBson, R. J. HARVEY.—Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Anatomy of the Genus Selaginella, Spr.: Part II, The Ligule. (With Plate VIII) . 77 Groom, P.—Preliminary Note on the Relation between Calcium and the Conduction of Carbohydrates in Plants. - ° g! GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, D. T. A New Case of Polystely i in Dicotyledons . 289 The Arrangement of the Vascular Bundles in certain Nymphaeaceae 624 Hartoc, M.—The Cytology of Saprolegnia _.. . 98 HEMSLEY, W. B.—The Flora of Lord Howe Island . . 231 Huis, L. H.—Changes in the Tentacle of Drosera rotundifolia, pro- duced by feeding with Egg-albumen _.. 625 HuMPHREY, J. E.—The Development of the Seed in the Scitamineae. (With Plates I-IV) KEEBLE, F. W.—Observations on the Loranthaceae of Ceylon . 626 MacDoucat, D. T.—The Mechanism of Curvature of Tendrils. (With Plate XIX) . 373 MASSEE, G.—A Revision of the Genus Coprinus. (With Plates X and XI) 123 OsTERHOUT, W. J. V. —The Life-history of Rhabdonia tenera, J. Ag. (With Plates XX and XXI) . 403 PENHALLOW, D. P.—Nematophyton Ortoni, n. sp. (With Plate V) . 41 PHILLIPS, R. W. Note on Saccorhiza bulbosa, J. G. Ag., and Alaria esculenta, Grev. 96 On the Development of the Cystocarp in Rhodomelaceae (II). (With Plates XII and XIII) . . . | 185 vill Pieters, A. G.—The Influence of Fruit-bearing on the Development Index. of Mechanical Tissue in some Fruit-Trees Ricans, H. M.—The Respiration of Wounded Plants, Woodcuts 2 and 3) . (With SARGANT, E. Direct Nuclear Division in the Embryo-sac of Liliam Martagon . The Formation of the Sexual Nuclei in Lilium Martagon. (With Plates XXII and XXIII). SEWARD, A. C.—Notes on the Geological History of Monocotyledons. (With Plate XIV) . TRAIL, J. W. H.—Preliminary Notes on Floral Deviations in some Species of Polygonum . . . . . . VINES, S. i Demonstration of Root-Pressure and Transpiration The Digestive Ferment of Nepenthes . The Suction-force of Transpiring Branches. "(With Woodeut 1). WaGER, H. Reproduction and Fertilization in Cysto pus candidus . On the Structure and Reproduction of Cystopus candidus, Lev. (With Plates XV and XVI). . WENT, F. A. F.C.—Notes on Sugar-Cane Diseases. (With Plate XXVI) WORSDELL, W. C.—The Anatomy of the Stem of Macrozamia com- pared with that of other Genera of f Cycadene. (With Plates XVII and XXVIID . . . . . . Report of a Discussion on the Ascent of Water in Trees, held in Section K at the Meeting of the British Association in Liverpool, September 18, 1896. . : . . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. a. PLATES. I, Hy, I, Iv. V VI, VII. Fertilization of Batrachospermum (DAVIS). VIII. Ligule of Selaginella (HARVEY G1BsON). IX. Prothallus of Danaea simplicifolia (BREBNER). X, XI. Coprinus (MASSEE). XII, XIII. Cystocarps in Rhodomelaceae (PHILLIPS). XIV. Geographical History of Monocotyledons (SEWARD). XV, XVI. Structure of Cystopus candidus (WAGER). XVII, XVIII. Mutinus caninus (Burt), XIX. Curvature of Tendrils (MACDOUGAL). XX, XXI. Life-history of Rhabdonia tenera (OSTERHOUT). XXII, XXIII. Sexual Nuclei in Lilium Martagon (SARGANT). XXIV, XXV. Geothallus tuberosus (CAMPBELL). XXVI. Sugar-Cane Disenses (WENT). XXVIII, XXVIII, Development of Seed of Scitamineae (HUMPHREY). Nematophyton Ortoni (PENHALLOW). Stem of Macrozamia ( oRSpeLL). 6. WoopncurTs. 1. Suction-force of Transpiring Branches (VINES). 3, 3. Respiration of Wounded Plants (RICHARDS). PAGE 511 531 107 445 205 627 agt 292 429 89 295 583 630 The Development of the Seed in the scitamineae. BY JAMES ELLIS HUMPHREY, S.D., Lecturer in Botany, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A. —=—¢o=——= With Plates I-IV. eee HE following pages contain the results of studies begun in the Botanical Institute of the University at Bonn and continued in America, chiefly in the Biological Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University. The line of research was suggested by observations made incidentally on Canna, the study of which genus was begun with a very different purpose. As the material proved worthless for the work originally planned, but showed features of unexpected interest in con- nexion with the development of the seed from the ovule, the essential details of this process were followed out. The striking peculiarities shown by Canna made it seem desirable to com- pare other Scitamineae, especially since the plants of this order are so intimately related among themselves, yet occupy a position comparatively isolated with respect to other Mono- cotyledonous families. Although not so many forms have been examined as could be wished, it does not seem necessary (Annals of Botany, Vol. X. No. XXXVIL March, 1896.) B 2 Flumphrey.—The Development of the - to delay longer the publication of the results already reached, since it is difficult to obtain suitable material of these almost exclusively tropical plants. The materials studied have been preserved in alcohol and have been drawn from various sources, as follows: Canna indica, L.., from the beds, and Strelitzia Reginae, Ait., from the greenhouses of the Botanic Garden at Bonn; A/usa sp. and Fleliconia psittacorum, L. fil.. and H. Bihai, L., from Mr. E. Campbell, lately superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Castleton, Jamaica, through the courtesy of the Director of Public Gardens and Plantations, Mr. Wm. Fawcett, F.L.S. ; Costus sp. and C. speciosus, Sm., Alpinia mutica, Roxb., and Elettaria sp., from the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg, Java, by the generosity of the Director, Dr. M. Treub; Amomum elongatum (Teijsm. et Binn.), A/pinia alata, A. Dietr., and Phrynium capitatum, Willd., brought by him from Java, most kindly placed at my disposal by Prof. A. F. W. Schimper, of Bonn; Thalia dealbata, Fraser, Calathea densa, Regel, and Globba bulbifera, Roxb., collected by myself at the Royal Gardens, Kew, by permission of the Director and under the genial guidance of the Curator, George Nicholson, Esq., F.L.S. To each of the gentlemen above named I am under deep obligation for the willing assistance which has made these studies possible. And I owe to Prof. Eduard Strasburger the freest use of the Botanic Garden and of his library, in addition to the inestimable advantage of his constant advice and cordial interest during my work in Bonn. In the arrangement of Monocotyledonous plants by Bentham and Hooker, the Scitamineae are treated as a single ‘ natural order, while the arrangement of the modern German systema- tists makes of these plants a series co-ordinate with the Liliiflorae, Glumiflorae, and the rest. And indeed the marked variations which the members of the group show among them- selves makes the latter treatment seem preferable. These plants agree with most Monocotyledons in their typically tricarpellary gynaeceum and diplostemonous androecium. Chiefly on the basis of the variations in these parts, the Seed in the Scitamineae. 3 group has been divided by German authors into three or four families, corresponding to the orders of Bentham and Hooker, while the English writers regard these divisions as of sub-ordinal rank. Most recent writers are disposed to make four sub-divisions, and,as the following pages present additional arguments for this view, the Scitamineae will be here regarded as comprising four distinct groups worthy of family rank. In the Musaceae the androecium comprises five fertile stamens, with sometimes a small staminodium in place of the sixth. The more or less completely suppressed stamen is that member of the inner whorl which is opposite the odd petal. In all the other families, on the other hand, this is the only functional stamen. The two other members of the inner whorl are fused in the Zingiberaceae to form the large petaloid ‘labellum,’ while in the Cannaceae and Marantaceae they remain petaloid and separate. In the Cannaceae one forms a labellum, its homologue in the Marantaceae being thin and crumpled and known as the ‘hood.’ The other inner member forms the flat ‘wing’ of the Cannaceae, but is thickened and known as the ‘callus-leaf’ in the Marantaceae. The outer whorl may be represented by one or more petaloid staminodia, or may be entirely suppressed, in these three families. The fertile stamen of the Zingiberaceae is complete; but in the other two families only one half or lobe produces pollen, while the other half is represented by a petaloid expansion. The inferior ovary of all the Scitamineae, except a small group of the Zingiberaceae, is trilocular, and most commonly contains numerous anatropous ovules borne on axile placentas. But in the genus Heliconia of the Musaceae, and in all the Marantaceae, each loculus contains only a single ovule rising from its base, while in some of the genera of the latter family only one loculus is fertile. Except in the cases just referred to, the fruit is a several- or many-seeded capsule or berry ; in these it is dry, imperfectly dehiscent, and three-seeded, except in the one-seeded Marantaceae. As will be seen, the structure of the seeds differs much in the various families; but the presence of some structure comprised under the indefinite term B2 4 Tlumphrey.— The Development of the ‘aril,’ though not universal throughout the Scitamineae, is yet so general that the group has also been called ‘ Arillatae.’ _ The changes undergone by the ovule from its first appear- ance to the time of fertilization, and the subsequent growth and differentiation which takes place normally in response to the stimulus of sexual union, have been studied in detail in many seeds, so that the features of seed-development in general are well known. But observations of this sort relating to the group under consideration are few and fragmentary. They have been made chiefly on species of Canna, which is the only Scitamineous genus whose members thrive and perfect seeds in the summer climate of our temperate lati- tudes. Some of the interesting details of seed-development in this genus have already been noted, but chiefly incom- pletely or incidentally, so that they have remained little noticed. As already intimated, the independent discovery of these striking features has led to the present comparative studies, in the hope that some light might be thrown on the phylogeny of the group and the origin of the peculiarities of Canna. Although the result is less satisfactory than could be wished in this respect, certain features are shown to be probably common to the Scitamineae, and certain interesting phenomena show how widely the details of seed-development may vary within the limits of a family. The work has been done chiefly by freehand sectioning. Since the cell-contents were often not important for the question in hand, rather thick sections could be cleared with - Javelle water. Indeed, the relations of tissues could often be better made out on such sections than from thinner ones. For special points microtome-sections were necessary, but as a rule they have offered no advantages over those more easily prepared. Though Canna proves to be the most aberrant in its seed- development of all the genera examined, yet, since it was first and most exhaustively studied, its development may be first described. This genus contains, according to the estimates of different monographers, from thirty to sixty Seed in the Scitamineae. 5 species, which are natives of tropical America. The published figures of the few species whose ovules and seeds have been studied afford ground for the expectation that the develop- ment will prove closely similar in all. The species here described is believed to be the true C. indica, L. The members of this genus constitute alone the family CANNACEAE. The general structure of the ripe seed of Canna was studied and more or less accurately figured by Gaertner (1788), Mirbel (10, °15), and Richard (’11), but we owe the first account of its real character to the founder of developmental morphology, Schleiden. Some of the chief features in the development of the seed were pointed out by him (39), though they seem since to have been lost sight of. Since his time only frag- mentary notes on the genus have appeared, with the exception of Hegelmaier’s account (’74) of the development of the embryo. The ovules make their appearance in cach loculus as two vertical rows of outgrowths from the placenta. Each has