Part 1
= ~ --* omy Be hl — A | for a F118. o-@.:@% "=. @ ar Oe 3804: * 8. °. 0 . a o's ..28 e +y@o 2 > 8 °) x <n 8 ar} o ° i - I a «4 > ee) & yet 9 Pio PM. i, ® . *s 9.°o oe", 2 p fe aG be } aan aG@m *'. ee el” 2 re z- , £ g ANNALS OF BOTANY VOL. Ix Orford PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY ANNALS OF BOTANY EDITED BY ISAAC BAYLEY BALFOUR, M.A, M.D. F.RS. QUEEN'S BOTANIST IN SCOTLAND, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY AND KEEPER OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, EDINBURGH SYDNEY HOWARD VINES, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. FELLOW OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, AND SHERARDIAN PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD D. H. SCOTT, M.A., PH.D., F.R.S. HONORARY KEEPER OF THE JODRELL LABORATORY, ROYAL GARDENS, KEW AND WILLIAM GILSON FARLOW, M.D. PROFESSOR OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A, ASSISTED BY OTHER BOTANISTS VOLUME IX (Nos. XXXII— XXXVI) With XXV Plates, in part coloured, and 13 Woodcuts Bondon HENRY FROWDE, AMEN CORNER, E.C. OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS DEPOSITORY, 116 HIGH STREET 1895 : ) Qe SM FOR. aps SC LIER ARY. ve Chipsaee : H.R. TY. ERRATA. Page 520, line 6 from bottom, for ‘ little’ read ‘ much,’ and for ‘considerable’ read ‘inconsiderable.’ —_ CONTENTS. No. XXXII, March, 1895. Masseg, G.—A Revision of the Genus Cordyceps. (With Plates I and IT). . . I Groom, P.—On a New Saprophytic Monocotyledon. (With Plate 111) 45 KEEBLE, F. W.—The Hanging Foliage of certain Tropical Trees (With Plate IV) . . 59 HAECKER, V.—The Reduction of the Chromosomesi in ‘the Sexual Cells 95 WORSDELL, W. C.—On the Comparative Anatomy of certain Species PAGE of the Genus Christisonia. (With Plates V and VI) . - 103 BoopDLe, L. A.—Spores in a Specimen of Tempskya (Endogenites) (With Woodcut 1) . 137 HEMSLEY, W. B.—Descriptions of some ‘New Plants from Eastern Asia. (With Plates VII and VIII). . . . . 143 NOTES. JOHNSON, T.—Sporangia of Litosiphon, Harv.: a Correction . 161 BLACKMAN, F. F,—Experimental Researches on Vegetable Assimila- tion and Respiration :— (1) On a New Method for Investigating the Carbonic Acid Ex- changes of Plants . . 161 (2) On the Paths of Gaseous Exchange between Aérial Leaves and the Atmosphere . . . . . 164 BaTTErs, E. A. L.—Some New British Algae . . . , . 168 Massgz, G.—On an Orchid-Disease . . , . , . . 4-70 . XXXIV, June, 1895. ,O’BRIEN, M.—The Proteids of Wheat . 171 WILLIS, J. C. and BurKILL, I. H.—Flowers and Insects in Great Britain. PartI . 227 Ewart, M. F.—On the Leaf-glands of Ipomoea paniculata, (With Plate IX) . 275 PHILLIPS, R. W.—On the Development of the ‘Cystocarp in Rhodo- melaceae. (With Plate X) . . 289 BATTERS, E, A. L.—On some New British Marine Algae. (With Plate XI). - 307 RIDLEY, H. N.—Two New species of Thismis. “(With Plate XIN - 323 Groom, P.—On Thismia Aseroe (Beccari) and its ts Mycorhiza. w ith Plates XIII and XIV) . . 327 NOTE. FARMER, J. B.—Spore-formation and Karyokinesis in Hepaticae - 363 v1 Contents, No. XXXV, September, 1895. TRUE, R. H.—On the Influence of Sudden Changes of Turgor and of Temperature on Growth. Dixon, H. H. and Jory, J.—The Path of the Transpiration-curent (With Woodcats 2-8) . . . MASSEE, G.—The ‘ Spot’ Disease of Orchids. (With Plate XV) Mookrg, J. E. S.—On the Essential Similarity of the Process of Chromo- some Reduction in Animals and Plants . BEARD, J.—On the Phenomena of Reproduction in Animals and Plants (Antithetic Alternation of Generations) . BEARD, J. and MuRRAY, J. A.—On the Phenomena of Reproduction in Animals and Plants (Reducing Division in Metazoan Re- production) . . BEARD, J.—On the Phenomena of Reproduction in Animals and Plants (the Conjugation of the Infusoria). (With Woodcuts 9-13). FARMER, J. B.—On Spore-formation and Nuclear Division in the Hepaticae. (With Plates XVI, XVII, and XVIII) NOTE. WILLIAMSON, W. C. and Scott, D. H.—On _ Pyginodendron and Heterangium . . No. XXXVI, December, 1895. JEFFREY, E. C.—Polyembryony in Beythroulam americanum. (with Plate XIX) . . O’BRIEN, M.—The Proteids of Wheat (II). . HANSEN, E. C.—Experimental Studies on the Variation of ‘Yeast-cells HUMPHREY, J. E.—On some Constituents of the Cell. (With Plate XX). . Cuuarcu, A. H.—The Structure of the Thallus of Neomeris dumetosa, ‘Lamour. (With Plates XXI, XXII, and XXIII). . Trow, A. H.—The Karyology ¢ of Saprolegaia (with Plates XXIV and XXV) . . . NOTES. WARD, H. M.—The Formation of Bacterial Colonies A false Bacterium . So_Ms-LAUBACH, H. GRAF zu.—On a New Form of Fractification i in Sphenophylleae WacGeEr, H.—Preliminary Note upon the Structure of Bacterial Cells. SEWARD, A. C.—The Wealden Flora. . . . . . Dixon, H. H.—The Nuclei of Lilium longifloram . Abnormal Nuclei in the Endosperm of Fritillaria imperialis . . . FARMER, J. B.—On Spore-formation in Fegatella conica . PAGE 365 403 421 431 441 448 456 469 535 537 543 549 561 581 653 657 658 659 661 663 a Ge er a + INDE X. A. ORIGINAL PAPERS AND NOTES. BATTERS, E. A. L. PAGE Some New British Algae. . . . . . . 168 On some New British Marine Algae. (With Plate XI) . . 307 BEARD, J. On the Phenomena of Keproduction in Animals and Plants (Antithetic Alternation of Generations) . 441 On the Phenomena of Reproduction in Animals and Plants (the Conjugation of the Infusoria). (With Woodcuts 9-13) 456 BRaRD, J. and Murray, J. A.—On the Phenomena of Reproduction in Animals and Plants (Reducing Division in Metazoan Re- production) . 448 BLACKMAN, F. F _— Experimental Researches on 1 Vegetable Assimila- tion and Respiration :— (1) On a New Method for Investigating the Carbonic Acid Ex- changes of Plants . 161 (2) On the Paths of Gaseous Exchange between Aérial Leaves and the Atmosphere. 164 Boopie, L. A.—Spores in a Specimen of Tempakya (Endogenites). (With Woodcut 1) . 137 BuRKILL, I. H.—See Willis. Cuurcu, A. H.—The Structure of the Thallus of Neomeris dumetosa, Lamour. (With Plates XXI, XXII, aad- XXIII) - « 581 Dixon, H. H. The Nuclei of Lilium longifloram . . 663 Abnormal Nuclei in the Endosperm of Fritillaria imperialis . 665 Dixon, H. H. and Joty, J.—The Path of the Transpiration-current. (With Woodcuts 2-8) . . - 403 Ewart, M. F.—On the Leaf- glands of Ipomoea panicalata (With Plate IX) . . - 375 FARMER, J. B. Spore-formation and Karon in Hepaticae . 363 On Spore-formation Nuclear Division in the Hepaticae. (With Plates XVI, XVII, and XVIII) . : . 469 On Spore-formation in F egatella conica . . . - 666 Groom, P. On a New Saprophytic Monocotyledon. (With Plate III). . 45 On Thismia Aseroe (Beccari) and its Mycorhiza. (With Plates XIII and XIV). 327 HAECKER, V.—The Reduction of the Chromosomes in the Sexual Cells 95 HANSEN, E. C.— Experimental Studies on the Variation of Yeast-cells 549 HEMSLEY, W. B.—Descriptions of some New Plants from Eastern Asia. (With Plates VII and VIII). 143 HuMPHREY, J. E.— On some Constituents of the Cell. (With Plate XX) se Jerrrey, E.C rem very | in Erythronium americanum. (With Plate XIX) . . . . . 537 JOHNSON, T.—Sporangia of Litosiphon, Harv.: a Correction . . 161 Vill Index. OLY, J.—See Dixon. EEBLE, F. W.—The Hanging Foliage 0 of certain Tropical Trees. (With Plate IV) . MASSEE, G. A Revision of the Genus Cordyceps. (With Plates I and 1) On an Orchid-Disease . . The ‘Spot’ Disease of Orchids. (With Plate XV) . Moone J LES. —On the Essential Similarity of the Process of Chro- mosome Reduction in Animals and Plants . . MURRAY, F A.—See Beard. O'BRIEN, The Proteids of Wheat . The Proteids of Wheat (II) . PHILLIPS, R. W. On the Development of the Cystocarp ‘in Rhodo- melaceae. (With Plate %) . RipLey, H. N _—Two New Species of Thismia. " (With Plate XII) Scott, D. H.—See Williamson. SEWARD, A. C.—The Wealden Flora . Sotms-LAUBACH, H. GRAF zv.—On a New Form of Fructification in Spheno snophyllese . Trow, A Phe Karyology of Saprolegnia. "(With Plates XXIV TRUE, RE tf. har ne Influence ‘of Sudden Changes of Targor and of Temperature on Growth _.. Wanna H.—Preliminary Note upon the Structare of Bacterial Cells . ARD The F ortaation of Bacterial Colonies . A false Bacterium WILLIAMSON, W. C. and Scort, D. H—On Lyginodendron and Heterangium . WILLIs, J. C. and Burk, I. H.—Flowers and Insects in Great ritain. PartI . WORSDELL, W. C.—On the Comparative Anatomy of certain Species of the Genus Christisonia. (With Plates V and VI, . B. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. a. PLATXS. I, II. Cordyceps (MASSEE). III. New Saprophytic Monocotyledon (Groom). IV. Hanging F oliage e of Tropical Trees (KEEBLE). V, VI. Christisonia (WoRSDELL). VII, VIII. New Plants from Eastern Asia (HEMSLEY). TX. Cretoea paniculata (Ewart). X. tocarp in Rhodomelaceae (PHILLIPS). XI. w British Marine Algae (BATTERS'. XII. Thismia (RIDLEY). XIII, XIV. Thismia Aseroe (Groom). XV. ‘Spot’ Disease of Orchids (MASSEE’. XVI, XVII, XVII. Spore-formation in the Hepaticae (FARMER . . thronium americanum (JEFFREY). XX. Some Constituents of the Cell (HUMPHREY). XXI, XXII, XXIII. Neomeris dumetosa, Lamour, (CHURCH'’. XXIV, XXV. Karyology of Saprolegnia (TRow). 6. WoopcuTs. 1. Spores in Tempskya (BOODLE) . 2-8. Transpiration-current (DIXON and Jouy) . 9-13. Reproduction in Animals and Plants (BEARD) 46-417 458-463 PAGE 59 170 421 431 171 543 a89 323 659 0s 59 653 657 535 237 103 138 A Revision of the Genus Cordyceps. BY GEORGE MASSEE, Principal Assistant (Cryplogams), Royal Herbarium, Kew. ee O—— With Plates I and II. ——>o——, HE genus Cordyceps is of special interest, alike to the mycologist and entomologist, on account of the species being parasitic on insects. The peculiar combination of plant and animal has attracted attention from early times, and has given origin to some remarkable ideas as to the assumed medicinal value of such unusual productions. The historical and romantic side of the subject has been dealt with quite recently by Dr. Cooke!. Saccardo? has collected diagnoses of fifty-nine species, including three which are excluded in the present work : of these, seventeen are arranged under species imperfecte cognitae, and even in the case of many not included in the imperfectly described batch, the specific characters are too brief to ensure certainty of deter- mination. In the majority of instances, this imperfection is not due to the absence of type or authentic specimens, but to the fact that a considerable number were described * Vegetable wasps and plant worms; S. P. C. K., London (1892). ? Sylloge Fungorum, Vol. ii, p. 566, and Vol. ix, suppl. [Annals of Botany, Vol. IX. No. XXXII. March, 1895.] B 2 Massee.—A Revision of many years ago, before microscopic detail was considered to be an important factor in the discrimination of species, and up to now, these imperfect diagnoses have not been revised. The determination of a very fine species, recently received from Australia, suggested the necessity of a revision of the genus, and the following is an attempt in this direction, so far as practicable from an examination of the rich collection in the Kew herbarium. MORPHOLOGY. A characteristic feature of the genus Cordyceps consists in the fact that the ascigerous condition always springs from a sclerotium, formed within the body of the insect on which the fungus is parasitic. In those instances where a conidial form is known, as in C. milttaris, the sclerotium is present before the ascigerous phase appears, but is not so compact in texture, and has not so completely destroyed the internal organs of the host at this period as when the ascigerous condition is developed. The conidial and ascigerous con- ditions are not met with at the same period, and it is probable that a considerable interval elapses between the appearance of the two phases; a condition of things that would account for the ascigerous stage not immediately following the for- mation of conidia in artificial cultures. When fully developed, the sclerotium has completely destroyed and replaced the internal structure of the larva on which it is parasitic, the skin alone remaining intact ; structurally it consists of very compactly interwoven hyaline branched septate hyphae, replete with glycogen and minute oleaginous highly refractive globules; when dry it is very compact and hard, and of a whitish colour. The ascigerous condition usually emerges from the sclero- tium at a point between two segments of the skin of the host, and most frequently in the cervical region ; it consists of an erect stem-like sterile portion, composed of a fascicle of irregularly parallel septate hyphae, white internally, the the Genus Cordyceps. 3 external or cortical hyphae being usually tinged with colour, and in many specics giving off numerous short lateral branches, which form the minutely velvety or downy exterior of the stem. The fertile portion, described in systematic works as the ‘head’ or ‘club,’ is usually terminal on the stem- like sterile stroma, and varies in form in different species from globose to clavate or cylindrical; in some few species the fertile portion is situated below the apex of the stem, or several fertile branches spring laterally from the upper portion of the stem. In structure the ascigerous portion, like the stem, may be composed of more or less parallel septate hyphae ; not unfrequently the hyphae coalesce laterally and the compound cells are of various lengths, but much of the hyphal origin is still evident; in a few species the coalescence of the hyphae is complete on all sides, and the septa more numerous, so that the component cells present a polygonal outline irrespective of the direction in which the section is taken, and consequently resemble a true parenchy- matous tissue. The perithecia always originate deep in the stroma, and stand side by side, their mouths reaching the surface of the stroma. In form the perithecia are ovate or flask-shaped, and may remain completely immersed, or at maturity be quite superficial, the whole of the perithecium being exposed, and attached to the stroma by the extreme base; transitional stages connect the two extremes. As a rule, when the perithecia are more or less free from the stroma, the surface of the head is rough, whereas when they are completely immersed, it is smooth; but a section is always necessary in cases where the surface of the head is smooth, as in some species where the perithecia are entirely superficial, only very slightly narrowed at the mouth, and closely crowded, they form an almost even surface, as if immersed. The asci always contain eight spores, are very long and slender, have a slight swelling at the apex, and are hence described as capitate. The function of the capitate apex is to effect dehiscence when the spores are mature; at this B 2 4 Massee—A Revision of stage the contents of the head become swollen and the wall of the ascus is ruptured at the apex (PI. I, Fig. 4). The spores are almost as long as the ascus, and are atranged in a parallel fascicle which is slightly twisted on its axis, hyaline, very slender, multiseptate, rarely with few septa, or continuous; and after escaping from the ascus the multiseptate ones usually break up readily into their com- ponent cells. Paraphyses are entirely absent. The forms of /sarta, included at present in the Hypho- mycetes, are supposed to be the conidial stage of species of Cordyceps, and in some instances there would appear to be little or no doubt on this point, although it has not been definitely proved by cultures in a single instance. Tulasne! has shown, from the evidence afforded by contiguity of development, that /sarza farinosa, Fr., is the conidial condition of Cordyceps milttaris, Link. Atkinson? has recently studied the development of /saria farinosa, Fr., in artificial cultures, and although some very interesting results were obtained, the ascigerous condition was not produced. The author concludes as follows: ‘Several cultures on artificial media in culture-tubes have been made, but in no case has anything resulted which shows the perfect or ascigerous stage of the fungus. Upon nutrient agar, nutrient gelatine, and bean- stems, nothing but the cottony or fluffy growth, covered by the farinaceous fructification, appears. On potato this growth first appears, to be succeeded by the characteristic fructifi- cation of the /saria-stage. The fact that the /saria-stage will develop readily on various media such as described above, is evidence that it can develop readily as a sapro- phyte, and is thus more likely to be preserved in greater abundance and in wider distribution than if it were able to propagate itself only on insects.’ ' Note sur les /saia et Sphaeria entomogétnes; Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. iv, Vol. viii, p. 38 (1857); also, Zorrudbia militaris, Sel. Fung. Carpol., Vol. iii, Pl. I, Figs. 19-31 (1865). ? Artificial cultures of an entomogenous fungus; Bot. Gaz., Vol. xix, p. 129, Pl. XIV-XVI (1894).