Part 1
AIDS BOTAN Y. BY ARMAND SEMPLE, B.A., M.B., Cantab. ; L.8.A., M.R.C.P., Lond., PuysiciAN NORTH-EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR CHILDREN, HACKNEY, PHYSICIAN TO THE ROYAL Society or MUSICIANS, LaTE SENIOR EXAMINER IN ARTS AT APOTHECARIES HALL, Lats MEDICAL CLINICAL ASSISTANT AND SURGICAL REGISTRAR AT THE Lonpon HOospPITAL, AUTHOR OF THE “‘ EssENTIAL FEATURES OF DISEASES OF CHILDREN,” ‘“* AIDS TO CHEMISTRY” (INORGANIC AND ORGANIC), “AIDS TO MaTERIA MEDICA” (INORGANIC AND ORGANIC), ** TABLETS OF MATERIA MEDICA,” “ AIDS TO MEDICINE,” (DOUBLE PART.) Third Thousand. Loxpon: BAILLIERE, TINDALL & COX,. ° Kina WILLIAM STREET, STRAND. DusBLin: FANNIN & CO., GRAFTON STREET. Epinsurcuy: MACLACHLAN & STEWART, Sours Bripocs. Giascow: A. & W. STENHOUSE, CoLLece Gare. New York: PUTNAM & SONS. 1883, L IQ. HM IBD. > e a — a dil Te > rea? war e PREFACE. In preparing this, the Second Edition of “ Aids to Botany,” the work has been almost entirely rewritten, and considerably extended by the addition of a large amount of new matter. It will be readily understood that the subject is a difficult one to deal with without the assistance of illustrations, the employment of which, in the limited space allotted to the ‘“ Aids Series,” has been impos- sible, The endeavour has been to place before the student all the leading facts of the science in the plainest language possible, the hope throughout having been to render the present volume still more deserving of the favour with which its predecessor has been re- ceived. ARMAND SEMPLE 8, ToRRINGTON SQuaRE, W.C, TABLE OF CONTENTS. I.—THE SEED. Plumule. | Radicle. | Tigellus. | Ootyledons. II.—_THE ROOT. Axial Roots: Fusiform, Fibrous, Napiform. , | Tuberous, Fasciculate, Moniliform Adventitious Roots: Annular, Nodose, Contorted, Coralline. Aerial Roots, | Aquatic Roots, Spongioles. Ill.—THE STEM, Buds:. Terminal, Axillary, Node. | Internode, | Bracts. Underground Stems: Bulb, Corm, Rhizome, Tuber, , | Herbaceous, Woody, Erect Aerial Stems: Prooumbent, Ascending, Creeping, Climbing Plants. | Twining Plants. Woody Stems. | Trunk. | Caudex. | Culmus. | Caulis. IV.—THE LEAF. Leaves: Alternate, Opposite, Verticillate, Sessile, Perfoliate, ete. . | Vagina, Petiole, Lamina, Stipules The Leaf: Insertion, Cicatrix, Pulvinus, Midrib, Phyllode. | Venation, The Stipule: Axillary, Intrapetiolar, Interpetiolar. Ochrea. | Ligule. | Tendril, | Thorns. | Prickles. | Sete. vi V.—BUDS. Leaf Buds. | Flower Buds. .| Tegmenta. Vernation, | Zstivation, Reclinate, Conduplicate, Circinate, Convolute, Involute, Revolute, Plicate, Imbricate, Valvate, Induplicate. VI.—THE INFLORESCENCE, . Terminal. | Axillary. Rachis, | Pedicels. | SBracteoles. | Scapes. Involucrum. | Involucels. | Phyllaries. | Cupule. Glumes. | Pale. | Spathe, , | Centrifugal, Centripetal. Inflorescence : Caducous, Deciduous, Persistent, Excrescent. Indefinite cc Panicle, Thyrsus, Corymb, Umbel, Inflorescence: ) Sbike, Spadix, Amentum, Strobile, Locusta, Capitulum. : _ | Cyme, Conanthiam, Fasciculus Definite Inflorescence: Glomerulus. ’ ’ Cyme: Uniparous (Helicoid, Scorpioid), Biparous. Anomalous Inflorescence. VII.—THE FLOWER. Receptacle. | Thalamus. | Corolla. | Petals. Andreecium. | Gynecium. Regular, Symmetrical, Asymmetrical, The Flower: Monochlamydeous, Achlamydeous, Apetalous, * ) Hermaphrodite, Diclinous, Staminate, Pistillate, Monecious, Diccious, Polygamous, etc. Calyx: Polysepalous, Gamosepalous. Sepals: Connivent, Divergent, Marcescent, Accrescent, etc, Moradelphous, Diadelphous, Polyadelphous, Stamens: /Gynandrous, Syngenesious, Hypogynous, Perigynous, Epigynous. Estivation: Corrugate, Vexillary. vil VITI,.—THE COROLLA. , | Fimbriated, Navicular, Cochleariform, The Petals: | gnurred, Gibbous, Nectariferous; Unguis, Limb. . | Cruciform, Caryophyllaceous } Regular: Rosaceous, Lillacoous. Polypetalous Irregular: Papilionaceous (Vexillum, Ale, Carina). Corolla Tubular, Ureeolate, Campanulate, Gamopetalous Regular: Infunétbaliform, Hypocrateriform, Corolla Irregular: Labiate, Personate, Ligulate. IX,.—THE sTAWENS. Filament, Anther, Pollen; Didynamous, Stamens: < Tetradynamous, Epipetalous, Monadelphous, Diadelphous, Triadelphous, Polyadelphous, etc. Filament: Filiform, Capillary, Subulate, Clavate, Moniliform. Anther: Dorsum, Suture, Innate, Adnate, Versatile. Dehiscence of Anther: Longitudinal, Transverse, Porous, Valvular, X.—THE PISTIL. Placenta, | Ovary. | Style. =| Stigma, Carpel: Apocarpous, Syncarpous. Ovary: Multilocular, Unilocular. XI.—THE OVARY. Simple, | Oompound. | Stipitate. | Gynophoro. Placenta: Free, Central, Parietal, Style: Apical, Lateral, Basilar. f Simple, Compound, Distinct, Terminal, Lateral, Stigma: Capitate, Penicillate, Lobed, Radiate, Lateral, etaloid, viil a, XII.—THE FRUIT, Pericarp : (Succulent) Epicarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp (Putamen), XIII, —DEHISCENCE. Septicidal Valvular: { Luculicidal } Transverse. Porous, Septifragal | Legume. Simple ; Apocarpons Lomentum: Utricle, Drupe, Fruits Follicle, Achene. Compound < Heterio: Strawberry, Raspberry. Cynarrhodum. Caryopsis, Samara, Pericarp Indehis- Carcerulus, Tryma, Dry. Superior °°™t? | wuculaniumor Uva, ) Pericarp | Hesperidium (Orange), | Succulent. Dehiscent: Capsule, Pyxidium, Siliqua, Silicula, ( Glans Cypsela Cremocarp Mericarp Dry. Indehis- | cent: | Bacca Inferior Pomum Pepo Succulent, Balaustra Dehiscent: Diplotegia, : . Cone, Galbulus, Strobilus Anthocarpous or Multiple Fruits: Sorosis, Syconus, ’ Syncarpous Fruits XIV.—THE OVULE,. Solitary. | Definite. | Indefinite, Erect. | Pendulous. | Ascending. | Suspended. | Peltate. Nucleus, | Funiculus. | Hilum, | Micropyle. Endostome, | Exostome. | Embryo Sac, | Chalaza, Orthotropous, | Anatropous, | Raphe. Campylotropous. | Amphitropous. ix XV.—THE SEED. Testa, | Tegmen, | Arillus, | Arillode. | Perisperm. Exalbuminous and Albuminous (starchy, mealy, rumi- Seeds: nated, etc.), Monocotyledons, Dicotyledons, Polycotyledons, Acotyledons, Embryo: Axial, Abaxial, Incumbent, Accumbent. ' XVIL—GERMINATION. Moisture. | Heat. | Air (Oxygen). Germination of Dicotyledons. Germination of Monocotyledons, XVII. FECUNDATION. XVIII. MORPHOLOGY. Thalamiflore. Calyciflors. Angiospermia +} Corollifloree. Monochlamydee. Achlamydee. Gymnospermia, \ Spadicifiore. Potaloidess. ( Glumifere. Filices. Equisetaces. Musci. Acrogens + Hepaticacess. Marsileacess. Lycopodiacess. Cryptogames Characee. - Exogense Phanerogame | Endogens Lichenes. Thallogens < Fungi. Green Alga. Alge Red Alge. Olive Seawceds. x XIX,—THE SAP. XX.—CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF PLANTS, Inorganic and Organic Constituents. Soils. XXI.—PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FLORAL ENVELOPES. Heat-Evolution. | Age of Producing Flowers. Annuals, | Biennials, | Perennials, Colour of Flowers. | Odour of Flowers, NATURAL ORDERS. Ranunculacese Papaveracete Crucifere Rutacese Leguminosse Crourbitacese Calycifloral Exogens, Umbelliferee Composites Gentianates Convolvulacese Solanacess (Atropaces) Corollifloral Exogens. Scrophulariacess Labiate a Petaloideous Endogens, Graminacece =Glumiferous Endogens, Filices =» Acrogens, Thalamifioral Exogens, AIDS TO BOTANY. ————Oo— . I.—THE SEED. A sEED, when placed in the ground under favourable circumstances, begins to swell and forms a protrusion which can be divided into two parts :— 1, The Plumule or Gemmule, which grows upwari to the light, and becomes the stem. 2. The Radicle, which sinks into the earth, and grows downwards, The Tigellus, or collar, is the point at which these two parts are joined together, and possesses one, two, or more lateral organs called the Cotyledons. IL—THE ROOT. “The descending axis of the plant, usually penetrating the ground, fixing the plant and absorbing nourishment already in a fluid state.” When roots are developed -from the radicle, they are termed Axial or True roots. All roots that are other- wise deweloped are called Adventitious. Axial roots are only found in the Dicotyledons, or plants having two seed-lobes; the adventitious occur in Monocotyledons, or those with one seed-lobe; but since they may be developed from various parts, and even 6 from the leaves, they may be found upon dicotyledonous plants, Axial roots are :—~ 1, The Tap-root, Fusiform, or spindle-shaped root ; in which one central part is more prominent than the rest, and appears like a continua- tion of the stem. Example, the Carrot. 2. The Fibrous-root ; in which the branches of the radicle are numerous and nearly of the same size. Examples, Lilies and onions. 3. The Napiform, or turnip-shaped, as the Turnip. Adventitious roots are :— ]. The Tuberous, corresponding to the tap-roots of the carrot; produced by thickening of some of the branches. Example, the Dahlia. 2. Fasciculate ; a mixture of the tuberous and fibrous. Example, Ranunculus ficaria. 3. Moniliform, like a necklace; with alternate contractions and expansions, the swellings being a little apart. 4. Annular; the swellings close together. Example, Ipecacuanha. . The Nodose or Nodulose; the swellings at irregular intervals. Example, Spirea filipendula. . Contorted ; when a tap-root is twisted instead of being straight. Preemorse, or bitten off; when the root ends abruptly. . The Double fusiform tap-root, thickest in the middle. Example, the Radish. . The Coralline-root, like Coral. Example, the orchid Corallorhiza, On Oo CO AI 7 Aerial roots are those which are developed in the air from the air, and since they usually grow upon other plants, although from them, they derive no nourishment, are termed Epiphytes. They are ob- served in the mangrove, in which they are axial, and in the ivy, in which they are adventitious, Aquatic roots are seen in the water ranunculus, in which they pierce the soil, and in the duckweed, in which they are floating. These roots closely resemble thizomes, only they do not produce leaves or buds. The extremities of roots terminate in Spongioles, or loose cellular layers. THE OFFICINAL ROOTS. Aconitum. Aconitum Napellus. Aconite. Armoracia. Cochlearia Armoracia, Horseradish. Arnica. Arnica Montana. Belladonna. Atropa Belladonna. Calumba. Jateorrhiza Calumba. Cocculus Palmatus. Gentiana. Gentiana Lutea. Gentian. Glycyrrhiza. Glycyrrhiza Glabra. Liquorice. Granatum. Punica Granatum. Pomegranate. Hemidesmus. Hemidesmus Indicus. Ipecacuanha. Cephaélis Ipecacuanha, Ipecacuan. Jalapa. Exogonium Purga, Jalap. Krameria. Krameria Triandra. Rhatany. Pareira. Cissampelos Pareira. Pyrethrum. Anacyclus Pyrethrum. Pellitory. Rheum. Rheum Officinale. Rhubarb. Sarsa. Smilax Officinalis. Sarsaparilla. Sassafras. Sassafras Officinale. Scammonium. Convolvulus Scammonia. Scammony. Senega. Polygala Senega. Serpentaria. AristolochiaSerpentaria. Serpentary. Sumbul Euryangium Sumbul. Taraxacum, Taraxacum Dens Leonis. Dandelion. Valeriana. Valeriana Officinalis, Valerian, 8 Ill.—THE STEM. ‘¢The developed plumule.” The Bud which terminates the plumule is called the Terminal bud. Axillary buds are those which originate in the angles between the leaves and stem. A Node is the part of the stem at which the leaf originates. An Internode is the space between any two nodes. Bracts are modified leaves. Stems are divided into Underground and Aérial: the former have leaf-scales (appendages at the lower part of the stem where it is covered by the earth) ; the latter have leaves and bracts. Underground stems comprise the following :— 1. The Bulb, chiefly composed of leaf-scales. (a) Tunicated, when entirely encircled by scales. Examples, Onion and Hyacinth. (b) Squamous or Scaly, when partially sur- rounded. Example, Lily. Officinal Bulb, Urginea Scilla. 2. The Corm (a solid body), formed of a thickened stem with the internodes only slightly de- veloped, and a small bud surmounting the whole, . Example, Crocus. Officinal corm, Colchicum Autumnale, 3. ‘The Rhizome or Rootstock ; which is capable of producing leaf-buds, and has the internodes little developed. 4. The Tuber; this may be the base of the stem, or a part of a branch from the axil of a leaf- scale much thickened. It possesses buds in the form of eyes which are able to produce independent stems. Example, Potato, Officinal Tuber, Jalap.