Part IV

inch. AB lo be 3^ inches this is half the pattern. AB Make 3 inches long, and the rest oi the pattern in proportion. PATTEENS TO COPY AND COMPLETE 63 Make a Pentagon, with sides of 2 inches, by making angles equal to the angle at A. Draw the pattern. ^ake a Circle, with diameter 3 inches. _ Complete pattern in circle. Badius of circle 2| inches. Complete the pattern. Eadius of circle 2^ inches. Complete the pattern in a circle. A AB to be 2 inches. Continue pattern to the length ot 6 leaves. 64 DEAWING AND WOOD-CABVING A ^ A B to be IJ inch. Complete pattern, of which this is a quarter. AB to be 3 inches, B C to be 1 inch. Divide a line of 3 inches proportionally to AB, thus: This pattern is a quarter of the whole. Complete the pattern. c ^ CB to be 2 inches. This is a quarter of the pattern. Com- plete the whole. PATTERNS TO COPY AND COMPLETE 65 Outer circle 3 inches in diameter. ACS AB, CD to be 3 inches. 4 oblongs of 3 inches x 2 inches each. C to be the centre. 4 squares of 2^ inches each, meeting at centre C. This is half the iiattern. AB 4 inches. 666 DEAWING AND WOOD-CARVING B C Make A B 3 inches and B C 4 J inches. Repeat the pattern 3 times. Outer circle 1^ inch radius. Repeat the pattern 6 times. PATTEENS TO COPY AND COMPLETE 67 Badius 1^ inch. Diameter 3 inches. 68 DKAWING AND WOOD-CAKVING ADDITIONAL DRAWINGS FOB LESSONS. C ocjujl ADDITIONAL DRAWINGS FOB LESSONS 69 70 DRAWING AND WOOD-CAEVING ^^ /^ ADDITIONAL DRAWINGS FOE LESSONS 71 72 DRAWING AND WOOD-CAIiVING ADDITIONAL DKAWINGS FOR LESSONS 73 74 DEAWING AND WOOD-CABVING ADDITIONAL DKAWINGS FOE LESSONS 75 76 DRAWING AND WOOD-CAEVINa ADDITIONAL DRAWINGS FOR LESSONS 77 78 DRAWING AND WOOD-CAEVING ADDITIONAL DRAWINGS FOR LESSONS 79 80 DEAWING AND WOOD-CARVING ADDITIONAL DRAWINGS FOE LESSONS 81 82 DEAWING AND WOOD-CARVING ADDITIONAL DEAWINGS I'OE LESSONS 83 G2 84 DEAWING AND WOOD-CABVING ADDITIONAL DRAWINGS FOR LESSONS 85 86 DRAWING AND WOOD-CAUVTNG ADDITIONAL DEAWINGS FOE LESSONS 87 88 88 DRAWING AND WOOD-CAEVING ADDITIONAL DEAWINGS FOR LESSONS 89 90 DEAWIN& AIJD WOOD-CAEVINa MEMORY DBAWINGS. MEMOEY DRAWINGS 91 92 DEAWING- AND WOOD-CAEVING 93 ADAPTATION TO GIVEN SPACES. Primrose. Arrange symmetrically in 4 squares. Complete the whole pattern. Suggestions of possible arrangements. 94 DRAWING AND WOOD-CAEVING Wild Strawberry. Arrange symmetrioally in Hexagon. Complete whole pattern. Suggestions of possible arrangements. -- {N.B. C means centre.) ADAPTATION TO GIVEN SPACES 95 Wood Sorrel. Arrange symmetrically in Circle, for top of a milking-stool. Chickweed Wintergreen. Arrange in with 96 DEAWING AND WOOD-CAEVING Adapt to frame, 6 inclies x 4 inclies ; width li inch. Draw a quarter of frame, with corner. Adapt this pattern to letter box ; size as below. 34 inches. 03 ADAPTATION TO GIVEN SPACES 97 Adapt to the parts of corner cupboard, as below. -- 98 DEAWING AND WOOD-CAEVING WOOD-CARVING. HINTS ON CONDUCTING CLASS. As good handbooks for carving are to be easily obtained, little need be said here about this part of our work. -- Two such books are ' Hmts on Wood-Carving, Chip-Carving, and Eecreative Classes for Beginners.' By Eleanor Eowe. School of Art Wood-Carving, Exhibition Eoad, South Kensington, London. Price Is. A ' Manual of Wood-Carving.' By C. G. Leland, F.E.L.S., M.A. Whitaker and Co., Paternoster Eow. . Published at 5s. When carving was started in our class I told each pupil that he must have 6 tools, for which 5s. would be required, but might be paid by degrees, the tools being used at once. In every case the intending carvers paid the 5s. at once. After that they continued to bring 9d. from time to time for a new tool. Out of the fund kindly subscribed by friends for the class I then gave to each carver the following : 1 sheet of carbon paper, 2d. 2 iron cramps at Is. 8d. or Is. 9d. eacji. 1 strop, Is. 1 or 2 stones for sharpening, Is. to Is. Gd. e'ach. The first 6 squares of wood were given to them. After that they paid for them. 6-in. squares of deal at 2d. each. 6i-in. ,, ,, 2ld. or Sd. each. 13 X 5 in. oblongs of deal or bass at 3d. each. 6^-in. squares of walnut or oak at 5d. HINTS ON CONDUCTING CLASS 99 I got the wood in considerable quantities from a timber merchant, or dealer in wood, and had it ready cut into sizes and planed. It could then be sold at the above prices. Wherever possible I should strongly advise not beginning with Chip-Carving. The pupil who learns first to do bolder carving, and who can ground out neatly, can easily learn Chip- Carving ; but one who begins with this will find the bolder and larger carving quite a different art. The great in- ducement to beginning with Chip-Carving is that it needs few tools. But the patterns need great neatness in putting on the wood, as well as in carving, and are usually very small ; and the more intricate patterns need great geometrical nicety and precision, which is often difficult for even skilled hands to attain to. The teacher must of course have made himself a carver before he begins to teach it, and must also keep up his practice of it, and keep his hand in and enlarge his experience, else he cannot guide his pupils. I should advise the teacher to let his pupils begin by grounding out, and to allow no punching till they can cut a fairly even ground. Punching has a pleasing way of con- ceaUng unevennesses and careless grounding, which makes it specially fascinating to the beginner. Every pupil should learn to sharpen his own tools. No one can carve well without this ; and girl carvers especially are very apt to neglect this business, and get others to do it for them. This is a lazy and unworkmanlike habit, and to be entirely discouraged. All tools are to be had from George Buck, 242 Tottenham Court Eoad, London, W. ; also stones, strops, and clamps. Penny handles are quite good enough, but should be speci- fied, else 2d. ones are put. They reduce the price of all tools to 9d., except V's, which are Is. 2,d. The teacher should, if possible, keep a variety of tools in stock, from which the pupils can choose. These can also be lent, at the lesson, where different ones are needed for any special piece of work. A few elementary patterns for carving are subjoined at pp. 102-106. Others can be purchased from the School H2 ; 100 DEAWIXG- AND WOOD-CAEVrNG of Art Wood-Carving, South Kensington, London, S.W. (the first on p. 102 is one of these), or from the Home Arts and Industries Association, Albert Hall, S.W. ; and a teacher alive to the wants of his class can pick up suitable patterns in all sorts of unexpected places, and apply and adapt them. The matter of patterns is the one which needs the most care and attention of anything, as it is one on which few of the learners (especially in the country) have any ideas at all and it is very important to train the taste to accept none but good and suitable patterns for their work. It is very advisable that the beginners should have squares already carved given to them as patterns ; when they have got over the first difficulties, and can produce a fairly smooth and correct copy of a carved square, it will be time enough for them to learn to interpret the unadorned outline into the carved pattern. The teacher had better carve some of the simple patterns himself, as specimens to be used as copies, and lend them out. Some of my carvers have learned to do excellent work. Many orders have been given for carved articles ; and the orders when executed have always given great satisfaction. The work of the long winter afternoons and even- ings thus supplies a little pocket money, as well as an immense deal of delightful employment ; and a brisk and interesting correspondence about the patterns, the wood, the articles to carve, and the mode of work is the pleasant result. The carving also supplies a subject of common interest among the villagers ; and great admiration is given to the work by relations and friends. Many of the pupils have taught their friends, and written for tools to be sent for them. During the winter all materials belonging to the drawing and the carving are left in charge of the post-mistress, at the village post office and shop where she kindly acts as sales- woman of these articles. The pupils can borrow copies from her, both for drawing and carving, and change them when more are wanted. -- HINTS ON CONDUCTING CLASS 101 Most of the carving pupils have become aware, as they grew clever in carving, that they needed more knowledge of drawing ; and so, whilst pursuing their carving at home, and coming for advice and help to their teacher, gave their time at the lesson to Improving themselves in drawing. It was for them that some of the more advanced teaching of drawing was given, and they found it very useful. Some of the squares, when neatly carved, make very nice little stands for lamps or vases, especially with httle feet added, and when a slight polish "is given, according to one of Miss Eowe's receipts. Walnut or oak squares are best for this. Any turner will make little feet ; and I ha,ve sold them for 2d. the set, including screws. An easy beginning is thus made at turning the carving to some use ; and the stands make nice little presents. Other articles which have been carved are Bread platters. Photograph frames. Urn stands. Tables. Spinning-chairs. Milking-stools. Folding stools. Small cabinets. Medicine cupboards. Flower boxes (to hold flower- pots). Book shelves. Handles for bread knives. Corner cupboards. Key cupboards. Book slides. Squares for coal boxes. 102 BEAWING AND WOOD-CAEVINa ELEMENTARY CABVING PATTERNS. :t ri ]n n ELEMENTAEY CAEVING PATTEENS ll03 104 DRAWING AND WOOD-CAEVING ELEMENTAKY CAEVING PATTEENS 105 106 DEAWING AND WOOD-CAKVING