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J 65° A UNIVERSITY TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY PLATE I (Frontispiece ) Mixed coniferous forest of the Sierra Nevada; in the background Libocedrus de- currens, Abies sp.; in the foreground Sequoia gigantea. A UNIVERSITY TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY BY DOUGLAS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL, Pu.D. PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE LELAND 8TANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS SECOND EDITION — REVISED AND CORRECTED Nets Bork THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Lrp. 1907 All rights reserved Coprgiaut, 1902, 1907, Br THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped April, 1902. Second Edition, April, 1907. Norwood ress J. 8. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A. 2, IDS fee Liv el Bf 2 PREFACE In the preparation of the present volume an attempt has been made to present in as compact a form as possible an outline of the essentials of modern botany. The book is not intended as a laboratory manual, but is designed primarily as a work of reference, and for this reason. no attempt has . been made to introduce laboratory exercises. Being prepared for the use of students in American colleges and universities, it has seemed proper to use largely as illustrative material plants drawn - from the native flora, and it is hoped that this will add to the value of the book to American students. In the taxonomic portion, a somewhat conservative attitude has been taken, in view of the very unsettled condition of nomenclature at the present time. The classification is largely based upon that of the standard work of Engler and Prantl, “Die nattrlichen Pflanzenfamilien.” A short bibliography, comprising the more useful works on the various topics, has been appended to each section of the book. By consulting the works thus indicated, it is believed that the student can acquaint himself with the literature bearing on the subject. In Chapter XIII the materials are drawn largely from the work of Sachs and Pfeffer, the recent physiological text-book of Professor Pfeffer being used as a basis. The work of other physiologists has also been freely used. Most of the illustrations have been made by the author, many of them expressly for this work. Where figures have been borrowed, due acknowledgment is made. Of these, a considerable number have been taken from the “Cyclopedia of Horticulture,” edited by Professor L. H. Bailey. v ra) ~ é vi PREFACE The author is especially indebted to his colleague, Professor G. J. Peirce, for valuable assistance in the preparation of Chapter XIII; to Professor W. R. Shaw for many microscopical slides, which were of great service in making many drawings, as well as for the use of several photographs. Other photographs were furnished by Dr. J. C. Branner and Dr. F. M. MacFarland of Stanford University, and Professor W. Trelease of St. Louis. To all these gentlemen the author wishes to express his sincere thanks. DOUGLAS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL. STANFORD UNIVERSITY, March, 1902. CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Organic and Inorganic Bodies. . . . . Protoplasm . . . . . . . : . Sources of Energy . . ° Structural Resemblances of Plants and Animals . . Multicellular Organisms .. . . . ° . The Cell . . Simplest Forms of Life The Cell-wall in Plants Movement in Plants . Motility in Animals Conditions of Plant-life Reproduction Biology Morphology . . . Physiology . . . ° Taxonomy . Geographical and Geological Distribution CHAPTER II Tae PLANT-BODY The Plant-cell . . Reproduction . ; . Unicellular Plants . ‘ Filamentous Plants . The Thallus . . . . . . . . Root and Shoot . . ; . . . . Vascular Plants . ° . Branching . . . Symmetry . . . . . . . Orgaus of Vascular Plants . . F F . : The Stem (Caulome) . . . - . 9 > DORAN HRWOON WES aa ae ee ——= © Oo O 12 13 13 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Viii CONTENTS PAGE The Root. ° ‘ ° ° ° ° ° ° . Trichomes . ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° . . - 29 Emergences . . ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° . . - 29 Reproductive Parts . : . ‘ . ° . ; . Morphology and Classification . . . . . ° ‘ . - 82 Bibliography ° . ‘ . ° ° ° ° ° . ‘ » 88 CHAPTER II THe PLANT-CELL Physical Properties of Protoplasm . . . . . F . . Differentiation of Protoplast . , . . . , Physical Constitution of Protoplasm . . . . . . . . Ultimate Structure of Protoplasm : . . . . : . . Chemical Composition of Protoplaam . . . . Physiological Properties of Protoplasm . . . Nutrition of Protoplasm . . . . . . Reproduction . . . . . . : . F . . The Plant-cell . F . . . . . . . . . . Structure of Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . Chromatophores (Plastids). . . . . «.« «© «© «+ 6 The Cell-wall . Inclusions of the Protoplast . . . . Forms of Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . Cell-formation . . . . . . . . . . . ° Karyokinesis . . . . . . . . . - Budding . . . . . . . . . . , Internal Cell-division . . . . . . . . . . Free Cell-formation . . . . . : . . . Conjugation . . . . . . . ° ° . . . Bibliography . ° . ° ; ‘ . ° ° . , . RFRERFRSSSRSSSARESSESELSRE CHAPTER IV CLASSIFICATION ; THE SIMPLEST PLANT-FORMS The Simplest Organisms . . . . . : . . . . 8F Flagellata . . . . , . ; . . . . . . 67 Myxomycetes : . . . ; . . . . . . . 6&8 Schizophyta . . . oe . . . . . . - ‘71 BAcTERIA (Sczomyceres) 2 . : . . . . . 7 Reproduction of Bacteria. . . . . . . . . 74 Biology of Bacteria . . ° . ° ‘ . . . ‘74 Aérobic and Anaérobic Bacteria . ° . . . . . . wT Classification of Bacteria . . . ° e . . . 8 CONTENTS Myxobacteriacez . . ° . . SCHIZOPHYCEZ . : . . . . ° Structure of Schizophycez . . . . Reproduction of Schizophycezw . . . Movements of Schizophyces . . ° Classification of Sehizopnycen . . . Peridines . : . . Diatomacere (Bacillariales) . . . . . Classification of Diatoms Bibliography . CHAPTER V THe ALG#& Crass I. Green ALG (CHLOROPHYCE*) . Classification of Chlorophycez . . , Order I. Volvocacez . . . . . Order II. Protococcoides . . . . Order III. Confervoider. : . ° Classification of Confervoidee . . . . OrderIV. Conjugate. . . . . Order V. Siphonee . . . . . Order VI. Characez . . . . Crass II. PH#o0ryycex (Brown Avex). . Order I. Phseospores . . Order II. Cyclosporex (Fucaces) . Classification of Pheophycez . . . . Order III. Dictyotales : . - Cuass TI. Ruopornrce*# (Rep Ace) . . Subclass I. Bangiales . . . . . Order. Bangiacex .— . Subclass II. Florides . Order I. Nemalionales . . : ° Order II. Gigartinales . Order III. Rhodymeniales Order IV. Cryptonemiales . Nature of Spore-fruit . . . : . : Affinities of Rhodophycesx . . . . , Fossil] Rhodophycez . . Bibliography of Alge . Structure of Fungi . . . . . : Affinities of Fungi . . . : . , SSECRSRSS SES 98 101 107 108 112 116 123 126 130 134 134 134 137 137 138 140 141 142 144 145 145 147 147 150 161 x CONTENTS Classification of Fungi Crass I. PHyYcomycETEs (Atea-Foxat) Order I. Chytridinee . Order II. Saprolegniines Order III. Peronosporines . Subclass. Zygomycetes . Order I. Mucorinez . Order II. Entomophthorines Eumycetes (True Fungi) . Cxyass 1. ASCOMYCETES : : : : : . . Subclass IL Hemiascines . . . . Subclass II. Euasces Order I. Protoascines . . : . Order II. Protodiscines Order III. Helvellines Order IV. Pezizines Order V. Tuberines . . : Order VI. Plectascines . : . : Order VII. Pyrenomycetes . . . Order VIII. Laboulbeniacee . . . . Crass IL BasipiomyceETEs : Subclass I. Hemibasidiez Order I. Ustilaginez . Subclass II. Protobasidiomycetes Order I. Auricularines (Rusts) Order II. Tremellines . Subclass III. Autobasidiomycetes Order J. Exobasidiines Order II. Hymenomycetinez Gasteromycetes . . Order III. Phallines Order IV. Lycoperdines . Order V. Nidularines . . . Lichens . . . . . . . Bibliography of Fungi . . . . . . . CHAPTER VII THe ARCHEGONIATZ; MUSCINES Gametophyte Sporophyte . . . . . . . . The Muscinezx (Bryophyta) HEPATICZ . : . . ‘ . . . Order I. Marchantiales : . . : : : Ricciaces oe . : . Corsiniaces . . : . : . PAGE 152 162 162 153 155 158 158 161 162 163 164 165 165 166 166 167 168 169 170 173 174 174 174 175 175 179 180 180 180 185 186 187 187 187 192 196 199 200 202 206 207 209 CONTENTS Order II. Jungermanniales . . Anacrogyne . Acrogynx2 ANTHOCEROTALES . . . . Mosc! . . . . . Order I. Sphagnales . . . . . . Order II. Andreseales . . . . . . Order III. Bryales. . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . CHAPTER VIII PTERIDOPHYTA (FERNS) Archegonium . . . se Antheridium Embryo Spore-division Crass I, FILicates . . . Gametophyte . . ° . Sex-organs. oo : . . Embryo . . . . . . Mature Sporophyte Sporangium . . . Suserass I. EvusporanoiatT Order I. Ophioglossaceze Order II. Marattiaces . Suscrass IL LeprosporanGguaTz . . . Order I. Filices . . . . . . Family 1. Osmundacee. . Family 2. Gleicheniacess . . Family 3. Matoniacex . . . ; Family 4. Schizeacew . . . Family 6. Hymenophyllaces Family 6. Cyatheacesx . Family 7. Parkeriacem . Family 8. Polypodiacess CHAPTER IX PTERIDOPHYTA (CONCLUDED) Salviniacesrs . Marsiliaces . . . . : . : : . Crass Il EqQuiseTaLes. . . . : . Gametophyte . . . . ‘ ‘ e xi PAGE 211 212 215 219 237 239 239 240 242 242 244 244 248 246 248 252 254 263 265 266 270 272 273 273 276 276 276 277 279 280 280 282 287 293 295 301 CONTENTS Crass III. Lycopopiaces . Lycopodiinese Gametophyte . Sporophyte Psilotiness Selaginellineze Gametophyte . Sporophyte Isoetiness . Fossil Pteridophytes Bibliography . . CHAPTER X SPERMATOPHYTA (SEED-PLANTS) ; GYMNOSPERME The Seed. The Flower . The Gametophyte The Embryo Crass I. GYMNOSPERMA Order I. Cycadales Order II. Ginkgoales . Order III. Conifers Order IV. Gnetales Fossil Gymnosperms Affinities of Gymnosperms . Bibliography CHAPTER XI ANGIOSPERMZ (METASPERM2); MONOCOTYLEDONES The Flower . The Ovule . Pollination The Embryo The Stem The Leaf The Root . Structure of the Flower The Fruit Classification of Angiosperms Suspciass I. MoxocoTryLEDONES . . . . . . e Gametophyte . Embryo . . Germination . PAGE 303 304 307 309 810 311 313 315 319 319 322 323 324 325 325 327 330 331 344 346 347 347 349 354 356 358 360, — 362 363 363 367 369 369 370 371 372