Part II

and therefore probably suggested, this compound molding. It will be observed in PL. V. figs. 5, 6, 9 ; A PL. VII. figs. 7, 8 ; PL. II. figs. 18 and 19. plain bowtell or roll very often stands forward upon a short ridge or neck in Transition moldings, the edges being sharp on each side, in consequence of a slight hollow immediately below. This is of frequent occurrence even in semicir- cular arches, and may be found in door- ways of that kind in many of our abbeys, as at Fountains. It is illustrated in p. 90 Fountaing Abbey of Professor Willis's Canterbury (fig. 37, pier- arches of the choir). Sometimes only one side has a fillet attached (PL. I. figs. 12, 28). Sometimes there are two fillets, one at the top, the other on the side, as in the cut from Eipon, and PL. V. fig. 3, and PL. XVIII. fig. 1. PL. II. figs. 11 and 13, are varieties of very frequent occur- Ripon Cathedral. rence. PL. IV. fig. 12, is a form often found in labels, as fig. 13, EAELY ENGLISH MOLDINGS. 39 both from Lincoln Minster ; the latter also illustrates the fillet as it were depressed into the roll. Fig. 11 is the chancel doorway at Ludborough, Lincolnshire, which shows some other varieties; in fact, the combination of the roll-and-fillet having been once suggested, they seem to have been used together with the utmost licence. Fig. 15 is a groin-rib from Furness Abbey. PL. III. figs. 4 and 7, are groin-ribs from Robertsbridge Abbey ; 5 and 6 are fragments from Tintern and St. Mary's Abbey, York. Fig. 9 is the arch-mold of a double piscina with its capital from Histon, near Cambridge. The members in PL. IY. fig. 11, fall wholly on the chamfer- plane, as in PL. III. fig. 1, which is seldom the case in this style. Three pointed rolls placed together, somewhat in the form of a fleur-de-lis,* form a combination of very frequent occurrence. It may often be found between the detached shafts of large doorways, as at Peterborough and Ely, and indeed in any position, with many minor varieties of shape. PL. IY. fig. 21, and PL. II. fig. 5, are examples. In some cases it closely approaches the character of the roll-and-triple-fillet, as PL. Y. fig. 6, the beautiful Decorated window-jamb at North- borough, Northamptonshire. In Decorated work the fillet became extremely broad, PL. IY. fig. 19, often as much as three, or even four inches. In this case it may be said to lose its original character, especially in clustered piers, where it very often occurs, as in those to the east of the octagon at Ely. But in Early English it is almost always a narrow edge-line. If set square on the roll, it is generally a sign of early work. See the outline diagrams in * There is sometimes so close a resemblance to the head of a fleur-de- lis in this complex molding, that it is difficult to disconnect the idea of the one from the other. An example is given, full size, in PL. XIII. of Potter's Monastic Eemains, Tintern Abbey, a work, we may here observe, which is quite invaluable in showing the curves and geometric formations of early moldings, and which every lover of Gothic architecture ought to possess. It contains an immense number of moldings of the finest era and the richest design. 40 MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. PL. IV. The depressed and elongated forms on each side of fig. 11 are principally found in later buildings, the first in Decorated, the latter in perpendicular. It has heen before stated that a great degree of licence is observable in the forms of Early English roll-and-fillet mold- ings, in respect of size, shape, and composition, and that geo- metric accuracy was avoided in a rather remarkable manner ; the irregular shape, and the freely undulating curve, having been commonly preferred. Almost every conceivable modifica- tion of the plain roll, peaked, depressed, elliptical, grooved at the end, might be found and catalogued by a careful observer. An important form, generally considered distinctive of Deco- rated, but not very uncommon in advanced Early English work,* is the SCROLL-MOLDING ; so called from its resemblance to a roll of thick paper, the outer edge of which overlaps upon the side exposed to view. It may be described as a cylinder, the under half of which is withdrawn, or shifted a little behind the upper. It is almost universally used in the abacus and neck of Decorated capitals, and very often in strings and base- moldings. It is certain that this form was known and in use even in the pure lancet architecture of 1200-1240. PL. I. fig. 19, from St. Benet's, Lincoln, is a proof of this. It also occurs, per- haps in an accidental or undeveloped form, in PL. II. fig. 3. It is represented in PL. IV. fig. 14, an Early Decorated doorway at Yaxley, Hunts, and in figs. 11 and 16, the latter an arcade in Lincoln Minster. Here is seen the unusual com- bination of the scroll-molding and the side-fillet. PL. VII. * It occurs, for example, in the moldings of the very elaborate triplet at the east end of Castle Kising Church, PL. XVIII. fig. 6, engraved in PL. VIII. of Mr. Bowman's account of that church in his Specimens of Ecclesiastical Architecture. The presence of the scroll-molding in any elaborate group marks its approach towards the Geometric age. See PL. XVII. fig. 6, which, together with the contiguous sections, figs. 4 and 9, represent the jambs of the immense Early Decorated and Geometric windows in the south aisle of Grantham Church. EARLY ENGLISH MOLDINGS. 41 fig. 5, is a fragment from Kivaulx Abbey. Fig. 7, the rich and beautifully molded doorway at Northborough, circa A.D. 1270, exhibits the scroll form on the interior order. Antiquaries are not agreed as to the origin of this molding. It may perhaps be regarded as a roll-and-fillet with one side left uncut, either because it was removed from sight, as in capitals, or afforded a more effective drip in strings and weatherings, where it most constantly occurs. The shadowed edgeline was presented by the scroll-molding as well as by the rolland-fillet ; and the principles of effect which suggested both Roche Abbey. Byland. Hexham. forms are probably identical. But it is more probable that it was derived from the pointed bowtell. It may be traced from one form to the other through such gradual changes, as to leave but little doubt on the subject. The earliest pointed bowtell was simply the new form of the pointed arch used as a molding (as at Koche and Byland), but this was soon modified by having a slight sinking close to the edge, Barnwell, Cambridge. so as to make it a little sharper, as in these examples from Barnwell and Ely. This form has been called the keel molding, from its likeness to the section of a ship show- ing the form of the keel. When worked in with more deeply cut moldings, it stood more isolated, with a long neck ; and, probably from the combination of the two forms, we find it occasionally turning MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. the edge to one side, as in PL. XVIII. figs. 1 and 10, from which we immediately obtain the form in fig. 6, which is a regular scroll-molding ; and in this case it will be observed that it pairs off with a pointed bowtell. The annexed examples, also, from St. Mary's Abbey, York, and Tintern Abbey, show how closely allied the two forms are and those in ; the choir arches of Bi- vaulx Abbey are an early example, in a position in which the pointed bow- St. Mary's, York. Tintem. tell might naturally be expected. Though the under edge of the scroll-molding is usually rounded, it is frequently to be found cut square where sharpness of shadow was desired ; but this can hardly be considered as a criterion of date, as it is to be found both in early work, as at Warmington, Northants, and down to the middle of the fourteenth century, as at Elsworth, near Cambridge. The scroll-edge is some- times, though rarely, in- verted, so that the with- drawn surface is placed uppermost, as in some of Warmington, St. Michael's, Elsworth, Northants. Cambridge. Cambridge. the bases at Tintern Abbey (PL. XIV. fig. 33). Two rolls-and-fillets conjoined at their bases, so that their respective fillets are at right angles to each other, constitute the DOUBLE- OGEE, or double-re'ssant, as it was anciently called,* * Professor Willis says this molding is sometimes called a brace, from its resemblance to a printer's bracket . (History EAKLY ENGLISH MOLDINGS. 43 one of the commonest moldings of the Decorated and Perpen- dicular styles. It is rare in Early English, and apparently the result of accident rather than intention when it does occur, as in PL. IV. fig. 12. PL. VII. fig. 1, is the west doorway of Llandaff Cathedral, of pure Early English detail. The capitals which bear the two moldings in question are marked in outline. PL. IV. fig. 6, is a Decorated molding of sufficiently common occurrence (as in the belfry archway at Trumpington), where the shafts which carry the capitals are set together so as to form the double-ogee. And the same may be constantly observed in the common arrangement of Early English and Decorated piers, PL. V. figs. 14 and 15. See also PL. II. fig. 17. Early English arch-moldings are so easy to distinguish from all others, that it is not necessary either to say more in explanation of their peculiarities, or to give a great number of examples. They are by far the most difficult of all to copy with exactness, from the irregular and capricious forms of the curves and undercuttings ; and their great extent, often many feet across, renders it an extremely tedious process to draw any of the rich and complex examples on a reduced scale. The numerous deep and dark hollows constitute the most charac- teristic difference between the moldings of this and those of the succeeding style, in which most of the forms already enumerated will be found to recur. But the extravagant display of deep We cavernous undercutting is lost in Decorated moldings. there find a hollow of three-quarters of a circle, accurately formed with the compasses, in the angle of every receding sub- arch, as in PL. VI. fig. 2, the west doorway at Hingham, Norfolk ; fig. 11, the inner doorway of the south porch at Deopham ; fig. 12, the same from Benington, Lincolnshire ; and PL. XVII. fig. 3, from Bottisham, Cambridgeshire. And these hollows must be particularly observed as the real division of Winchester Cathedral, p. 60, Proceedings of the Archaeological Insti- tute, 1845.) 44 MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. of the orders of moldings when they all lie on the chamfer-plane. The Decorated hollows are usually of larger size than the Early English ; and there is this general difference in their use, that in the Decorated they divide groups, in the Early English individual members. The exquisite skill, taste, and patient labour invariably evinced in the working of Early English moldings, are truly admirable. The ingenuity that was never at a loss in any difficulty of finish or constructive irregularity, and the minuteness with which even the most concealed and darkened parts were executed, are circumstances of much interest, and show a love for the art above the sordid considerations of minimum cost. The deepest hollows are all as cleanly and perfectly cut as the most prominent and conspicuous details ; and in the village church as much so as in the most glorious cathedral. An Early English doorway is often a wonderful piece of art, however little it may attract the attention of ordinary observers. It is most pleasing to notice the long trails of dog-tooth lurk- ing in the dark furrow of a label or chancelled rece.ss ; to see the end of some inconvenient member got rid of by throwing a flower across the point where it suddenly stops or dies into the wall ; to admire the floriated boss and the foliaged capital in- truding their luxuriance upon the moldings and hollows, as if they had overgrown their original and proper limits. How beautifully, too, the knots of pierced and hanging leaves extend like some petrified garland or bower of filigree-work round the arch, dividing the plainer moldings into groups, and almost imparting life and vegetation to the very stones ! There are abundance of doorways of this style which exhibit the most delightful varieties in their forms and groupings ; always, yet never, the same. Some examples occur at Bolton and Furness Abbeys, whose arch-moldings extend five or six feet in width. The west fronts of several of our cathedrals have Early English doorways of amazing magnificence. The entrance doorway of EARLY ENGLISH MOLDINGS. 45 the Chapter House at Lichfield is a very fine example of the molding of this style. But almost every cathedral and every ruined abhey will supply good specimens, so that it would be useless to multiply illustrations. Plate XVIII. fig. 3, is a doorway in the cloisters at Peterborough ; fig. 2, a doorway immediately opposite, in the south aisle of the nave, both on a scale of half an inch to one foot. Fig. 5 is a ruined doorway at Eivaulx Abbey. Fig. 6 is from the east window of Castle Eising Church;* fig. 7, from Beaulieu Abbey, f the southern triplet of the Kefectory ; fig. 8, an arch-mold from the choir of Ripon Minster; fig. 9 is borrowed from Brandon's Analysis of Gothic Architecture. These latter examples (6, 7, 10) show the method of insert- ing the tooth ornament in, or rather across, hollows. Many of the more elaborate groups of Early English moldings contain several successive trails of this decoration, often of different sizes, shape, and planes of projection. In the very beautiful west doorway at Binham Priory, Norfolk, a curious variety of the dog-tooth is set in hollows of such depth, that the eye cannot fathom the point of attachment. * This and fig. 10 from the same, are taken from Mr. Bowman's illustrations of that church, PL. VIII. f From Weale's Quarterly Papers, Vol. II. PL. II. 46 MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. SECTION VI. OF DECORATED MOLDINGS. DURING THE REIGNS OF THE FIRST THREE EDWARDS, 12721377. THE student will bear in mind that the details of Decorated moldings are in great measure identical with those of the preceding style, with the addition of some new members, and several important modifications of grouping. And the latter will be found to produce an entirely different effect, though in description the distinction may appear very trifling. The eye must be familiarized to the profile and general appearance of moldings of different dates, so that, without dismembering, and, as it were, analyzing the group, or examining the separate details, it may discern at a glance the style to which any example belongs. And this may be done with a considerable degree of certainty by practice and attention ; though it can hardly be asserted that all the differences of style admit of being reduced to unvarying and infallible rules. Sometimes moldings are met with of much earlier or later date than we should have expected from other characteristic marks in the building ; and there are not a few instances in which, without the aid of such marks, it would be impossible to say whether a molding is of the fourteenth or the fifteenth century. In fact, this science does not appear capable of more than general treatment ; though there is quite enough of uniform system to enable us to apprehend the broad distinctive principles which obtained in the different periods. Generally, then, much greater geometrical precision may be observed in drawing both the hollows and the projecting mem- bers than prevailed in the preceding style. Segments of circles, both concave and convex, were much used, and there was a DECORATED MOLDINGS. 47 softness of blending, a delicacy and gentleness of grouping, an avoidance of strong and violent contrasts of light and shade, which imparted a more pleasing, though much less striking, effect. Early English arch-moldings have sometimes a monotonous effect, which is but imperfectly remedied by the free use of quaint, irregular, and fanciful members. The reason is, first, that frequently the numerous members do not vary materially in size ; and, secondly, that each stands between two deep hollows, so that the entire group looks like a mere alternation of dark and light, repeated with little change several times over. Now the composition of Deco- rated moldings is essentially different. For Decorated not only do the members vary in size, but also in kind ; the deep hollows are principally confined to the inner angles, and there is no extravagant isolation of small and unimportant parts. The roll-and-fillet is formed with as little undercutting as possible, as in PL. XVII. figs. 2, 3, 9, 10 : in fact, only just enough is hollowed away at the sides to develope the out- line. In the Geometric-Decorated age (that is, in the reign of the first two Edwards), the moldings of arches and jambs differ very slightly from those of pure Early English ; so slightly, indeed, that they cannot alone be taken as decisive of this or that date. It was not until the Flowing-Decorated era (that is, during the reign of Edward III.)? that these moldings took the characteristic turn which brought about the surrender of the roll-and-fillet, and its many varieties, for the ogees, bowtells, and wide shallow casements of the Perpendicular period. A Kich Decorated moldings are of rather rare occurrence. great many of the finest buildings in this style scarcely afford as good examples of molding as small and humble churches of the Early English age. Very often plain chamfers are used ia 48 MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. all the windows, doorways, and pier-arches ; while minor parts, such as hases, capitals, sedilia, sepulchral recesses, and the like, have fine and elaborate details. It is in this kind of work that we must look for the best moldings in the Decorated style. In arches, doorways, and windows, the plain chamfer of two orders (PL. I. fig. 5) is perhaps most commonly found. Windows especially are often singularly meagre in their mold- ings, however rich their tracery may be. The monials stand near the outer surface of the wall, and separated from or re- cessed behind it only by a single order with a plain or hollow chamfer, as PL. VII. figs. 20 and 21. Frequently, indeed, the tracery of good Decorated windows stands quite flush with the wall, so that the jamb-moldings are, as it were, entirely omitted.* And again, the monials and tracery often consist of merely chamfered planes, without any edge-lines to relieve them ; and so, PL. VII. fig. 20, the east window at Trump- ington. Fig. 19, a window at Hingham, Norfolk, is one degree richer than this, two orders being introduced in the monial, though of equally plain character. There appear to be three distinct kinds to which Decorated moldings may generally be referred ; though there are many examples which it might be difficult to assign to any one of them. These are : 1. The plain or hollow chamfer of two or more orders, which, properly speaking, is only the step preparatory to molding, and stopping short of that ulterior process. * In the churches of Norfolk and Suffolk this is the rule, and not the exception, from the scarcity of stone in those parts. DECOKATED MOLDINGS. 49 2. Roll-and-fillet moldings, with hollows between each member, nearly resembling, in principle and arrangement, the Early English method, as in diagrams PL. V. fig. 12 a door- way afc Attleborough, Norfolk, and PL. XVII. figs. 4, 6, 8. A 3. succession of double ogees, divided by hollows of three- quarters of a circle, as PL. VI. figs. 9, 11, 12, 14. PL. II. fig. 16, is similar in kind, and both of these are exceedingly common moldings in this style. It is not unusual to find these two varieties combined, as in PL. VII. fig. c the belfry- arch at Deopham, Norfolk. And as they rarely occupy any other position than the chamfer-plane, it seems proper to regard them as virtually the plain chamfered edges of class 1, slightly relieved from their flat and naked form. Their distinc- tive peculiarity consists in the repetition of the same members in each order, though, as we have observed, other varieties of the chamfer are sometimes intermixed. Thus PL. VI. fig, 11, A might be described in words thus : " double-ogee order between two hollow chamfer orders, divided by three-quarter hollows ; all lying in the chamfer-plane of 45 ; total width across, twenty- three inches." The plain or hollow chamfer is extremely common in all jambs and archways (especially if they be continuous, or have no imposts or jamb-shafts), in the Early Decorated style. The inner angle which divides the orders (and which has been called the re-entering angle), is either left solid, or cut into a deep three-quarter hollow. Of this latter arrangement, which pro- duces a very bold and good effect, it might be difficult to name a better example than the west doorway of St. Mary's, Ely. Here the chamfers are hollow, or quarter-circles. In such cases there are often trails of ball-flowers, quatrefoil paterae, roses, or other ornamental leaf-work disposed at regular inter- vals, and repeated in rows in two or more of the chamfers. See PL. VI. fig. 2 ; PL. VII. fig. 10. E 50 MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. The second kind is generally, but not always, early in the style ; and it is perhaps the most perfect and beautiful of all. The members in this case usually fall in squares (that is, on the wall-planes and soffit-planes in succession), as in the west doorway at Trumpington Church, PL. VII. fig. 3. PL. XVII. fig. 3, is from the south porch of Bottisham Church, near Cam- bridge. Fig. 5 is from a doorway at Lang- ham, Rutland, of the Geometric age. Fig. 8 is from the beautiful Decorated archway of the south porch at Over, Cambridgeshire. Fig. 10 is a window-jamb, from Grantham window-jamb, Over. Church. Sometimes moldings of this class are combined with those of the third, as PL. V. fig. 11, the priest's door at Hingham, Norfolk; PL. XVII. fig. 7, a doorway at Burfield, Suffolk ; PL. XX. fig. 17, the chancel door at Willihgham, near Cambridge ; and PL. V. fig. 1, a monument at Boston. PL. VII. figs, 7, 8, 12, are all of this second kind. There is, however, a perceptible difference in the shape of the Early English and the Decorated roll-and-fillet. In the later style the fillet is broader, not set square on the roll, and the neck is wider from the hollows between the single members, being less deeply undercut. The capricious and irregular forms of the earlier style are no longer found ; the roll-and-triple-fillet, ar- ranged upon rectangular lines, is generally one mem^er f ne grouP an<^ ne gently bulging ogee curvature predominates throughout. In many in- stances the roll-and-fillet forms a member of very large size, as PL. XX. fig. 15, a monument in the choir of Bolton Abbey. While moldings of the second kind are generally borne by jamb-shafts, as in the Early English style (though now engaged in, and not detached from, the wall), those of the first and DECOKATED MOLDINGS. 51 third are almost always continuous, except in pier-arches, where they constantly occur, in which case they are stopped by the capitals. Thus, PL. VII. fig. 4, is a pier-arch at Trump- ington ; PL. VI. fig. 3, one at Hingham. Sometimes a series of four or five of these together, as PL. VI. fig. 12, gives a very deep and rich effect to a doorway. It is not uncommon to find one member of a double ogee considerably larger than the other, or those of one order of different size from the others. It must be particularly observed that in the third class of Deco- rated moldings the fillets on each side of the three-quarter hollows (i.e. the untouched portions of the rectangular nook) almost invariably stand at right angles with each other, the principle of which is shown at PL. V. fig. 3, the west doorway at Attleborough, Norfolk. Exceptions, such as PL. VII. fig. A, We are seldom found in ancient moldings. may further observe on PL. V. fig. 3, that if the sides of the re-entering angle are equal, the chamfer-plane is the diagonal of a square, that is, it forms an angle of 45. So, in PL. VII. fig. 2, the angle of the chamfer-plane is ascertained by measuring the two sides of the central nook. Sometimes the group appears to have been designed on the principle of a series of squares, as seen in PL. XVII. fig. 3. Moldings are either simple or compound. A. simple molding is a plain single form, complete in itself, as a bowtell or three- quarter round. A compound molding is either composed of two or more distinct parts, as a roll-and-fillet, a double ogee ; or involves a profile of reflex or double curvature. This is properly the character of the ogee itself, which is formed by a segmental inward curve conjoined continuously with a similar outward curve. Of the same kind is a very important and universal Decorated form, which may be called the compound ogee, or the * In doorways the moldings borne by the jamb-shafts always lie on the rectangular planes, those which are continuous on the chamfer-planes. Analysis of Gothic Architecture, p. 68. E2 52 MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. WAVE-MOLDING, from its gently undulating outline. It is represented in PL. VII. figs, c, 9, 17, 18, 19, and elsewhere. It ^ is composed of two ogee curvatures, forming a central ; L= bulge or entasis, sometimes projecting forward beyond Voiding!" the edges, but usually in the same plane with them. Scarcely any method of molding is so common in, or so characteristic of, this style, and especially of the Flowing, or later Decorated, to which era its use was principally confined. It fre- quently occurs with a hollow between, as PL. VII. fig. 17. The formation of this detail may be traced either to the ordinary edge- roll Edge-roll. Triply filleted roll. Half roll-and- fillet. being simply somewhat less undercut, or to the half of a triply filleted roll, PL. IV. fig. 10, the other half being considered as undeveloped, or merged in the block ; or to the insertion of a quarter-shaft into a rectangular nook, the edges at the points of junction being rounded instead of sharp and abrupt. The latter is not improbable on the analogy of the earlier and later (that is, the square and rounded) forms of the roll-andfillet. Indeed, the form shown in the accom- panying outline is sometimes found. It occurs in the sedilia at Elsworth Church, near Cambridge, and is represented in the " Guide to the Neigh- bourhood of Oxford," p. 333, from Garsington Church and in PL. XXIV. of Potter's " Buildwas Abbey" (Early English). There are several Varieties of wave-molding. modifications of it ; the edges are either sharp, as PL. VII. fig- 17, Or there is a * Professor Willis calls this the swelled chamfer. Inigo Jones applied the term wave to the ogee. See Architectural Nomenclature, 16. DECORATED MOLDINGS. 53 small width of the chamfer-plane left uncut on each side, as PL. V. fig. 11 ; PL. XX. fig. 1, a doorway from Landbeach Church, Cambridgeshire. In this case, the concaves are sometimes slightly undercut. The former is most common in Decorated, the latter in Perpendicular. It is so much more common in Decorated work, that its occurrence may, in default of other proofs, be taken as a presumptive evidence of the style. It is also wider and shallower in early than in late work ; that is, the side hollows are less deep, and the central entasis less bulging.* Sometimes, indeed, the wavy line is so faint as to be scarcely different from the plain chamfer, as PL. VII. fig. A. And sometimes we find nothing more than a flat surface sunk between two raised edges. See PL. VII. fig. B, and the lowest order of fig. 8. This may be termed the sunken chamfer. It is not of very common occurrence ; a very good specimen is engraved in the "Oxford Guide," p. 281, from Headington Church. Another variety is shown in PL. VII. figs. 13, 16, 23, and PL. XX. fig. 2, a window-jamb from Quy Church, near Cam- bridge. This appears to have arisen from cutting down to an angle, instead of scooping out in an ogee curve, one end of the member. It is generally a mark of Transition to Perpen- dicular. A rare form is exhibited in PL. V. fig. 16. It may be called a double wave-molding. By cutting the central hollow down to an angle (as shown in the shaded part), a double ogee would be the result. This molding occurs in the Decorated belfry- arch at Stretham, Isle of Ely, and in the east window of the south aisle at Bottishain, Cambridgeshire, PL. XIX. fig. 3. A plain bowtell, or a roll-and-fillet, between two wave-mold- * The formation is shown in PL. XIX. figs. 1 and 2. It will be seen that the early form involves the equilateral, the later the obtuse triangle. It is clear from PL. XIX. fig. 5, that this form was not unknown in Early English architecture. It also occurs, in the form approximating to the outline diagram in p. 50, in an archway at Croxden Abbey, circa 1240. 54 MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. ings, is found in Decorated work. PL. XVII. fig. 2, is from the north porch of Bottisham Church, Cambridgeshire ; fig. 1, from the outer archway of the south porch (fig. 3 being the inner) of the same church. In fig. 2, the rolls-and-fillets fall within, or short of, the rectangular plane, because they would otherwise have been too large. The ogee molding is a form so extensively used, and so difficult to explain fully in its origin and varied relations, that it is almost impossible to do more than point out its general and leading characteristics. In respect of its origin, the ogee curve is so prevalent in the Classic styles, that it might easily be supposed it was thence imported into the Gothic, were there not abundant opportunities of self- development presented by the varieties of the roll-and-fillet. It is believed that the ogee scarcely, if ever, occurs in Norman architecture, in England at least, whatever may be the case in the Komanesque edifices in other countries. Its occasional appearance in the Early English style has been already mentioned, where, however, it is very sparingly used. It should be especially noted that whenever the ogee occurs in Decorated moldings, it always' suggests to the mind the idea of one side of a roll-and-fillet the ; convex portion being much larger than the concave. In its most ordinary position in a window-jamb, it actually corresponds to a perfect roll-and-fillet in the monial, as PL. VII. figs. 9, 10, 11 ; and here it must, of course, be regarded literally as half of that member. Since, however, the quirked ogee (see PL. XVI. fig. 2), so common in Classic edifices, is identical in form with this part of a monial (fig. 3), it seems extremely difficult to decide how far the form was introduced from this or that suggestion. But in this latter case, the earliest forms would be found of Classic character with the large concave portion, whereas we can actually trace its gradual formation from the roll-and-fillet, having at first the roll the predominant portion, DECORATED MOLDINGS. 55 and the hollow gradually gaining in importance in later work ; so that it would not perhaps be saying too much to vindicate for Gothic architecture the self-development of the ogee, rather than refer it to an imitation of uncongenial Classic Details. The following, therefore, are the principal forms found in Decorated moldings : 1. The roll-and-fillet. 2. Koll-and-triple-fillet. 3. Ogee. 4. Double ogee, or double ressant. 5. Scroll-molding, or res- sant lorymer. 6. Wave-molding, or swelled chamfer. 7. Plain or hollow chamfer. 8. Sunken chamfer, PL. VII. fig. B. It is difficult to give a name to the form shown in PL VII. fig. 16, and perhaps it is not of sufficiently frequent occurrence to render a particular term desirable. Other minor varieties might be added of forms which are principally found in Decorated work. Sometimes a semicircle sunk in the chamfer-plane is found, as PL. VI. fig. 6, a door- way at Deopham, Norfolk ; PL. VII. fig. 14, a fragment from Bivaulx Abbey ; and PL. VI. fig. 13, a very fine archway at Hardingham, Norfolk; and PL. V. fig. 14, a window at Hing- ham. So also PL. V. fig. 2. This detail is the most usual in Transition to Perpendicular, circa 136080. The bowtell, or three-quarter round, is used, but rather sparingly, in Decorated work ; it was extremely common in Perpendicular. PL. VII. fig. 18, is a doorway of Transition date, at Swanton Morley, Norfolk, in which the bowtell occupy- ing the centre forms an engaged shaft. When this is the case, the fillet is seldom wanting, except 'in very advanced work. But the plain roll appears in PL. V. figs. 1, 3, 5, all of which 5G MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. are late in the style.* Sometimes the bowtell is seen in juxta- position with the sunken semicircle, as in PL. V. figs. 1, 4, 5. In PL. VII. fig. 6, a window at Fen Stanton, a small tongueshaped member projects from the inner side of the principal roll-and-fillet. This should be noticed as a very characteristic detail of Decorated moldings of the second class, to which this A example belongs. See also PL. XVII. fig. 5. combination extremely common in labels and capitals is shown in PL. XVI. fig. 48. This occurs also in jambs and arches, as PL. II. fig. 14. PL. V. fig. 9, and PL. VI. figs. 14, 15, show the method of principal and secondary monials. The moldings are, of course, coincident in every part of the tracery and monials, and in the corresponding parts or planes of the jamb ; so that, for shortness' sake, architects generally draw double monials, as in these examples, merged into one another. Thus the outer edge represents the actual profile of the jamb,' which, as being identical in detail, may of course be also taken to represent one side of the monials. In drawing the section of a window- jamb, the monial-members may be represented by lines across, parallel with the wall-plane. PL. V. fig. 9, is the inner jamb of the east window at Heckington ; PL. VI. fig. 14, the same part of a window in the chancel at Boston ; PL. VI. fig. 15, is from Stoke Golding, Leicestershire. When a window has primary and secondary monials, it is obvious that they carry distinct planes or orders of moldings. Yet these orders are not always of the same nature as those we have before described as such, namely, the group of members constituting the separate sub-arches ; for the face of the smaller monial often falls within or behind that of the larger only by a single retiring step, or member of a group. Thus, in PL. VI. * All the examples in PL. V. are late Decorated. The occurrence of the small three-quarter round, as in figs. 1, 3, 4, 5, is a sure indication of approach to Perpendicular. DECORATED MOLDINGS. 57 fig. 14, both the monials combined carry (properly speaking) the same order, but different members of it. The plane in which the outer moldings of the jamb lie is seldom coincident, as in the last example, with that on which the monial members are arranged, for this would in most cases give too great thickness to the monials themselves, the slope or inclination of which must of course be the same on both sides of each aperture or light. The difference of inclination is sometimes very slight, but this point must be carefully attended to in copying moldings. See PL. VIII. fig. 5 ; PL. XX. fig. 8. In Decorated windows, the face of the monials is generally a flat edge or fillet ; but in some early examples, a roll- molding is carried all round, and is furnished with small bases resting on the cill. This roll-tracery is very common in Perpendicular windows ; and sometimes, as at the west end of King's College Chapel, it has small stilted bases in the jamb. Many Decorated windows have shafts in the jambs and monials both internally and externally. This produces a very fine effect, especi- ally when the primary monials carry a triple, the second- ary a single shaft. In these cases the moldings of the tracery follow the common law of pier- arches and shafted Sleaford. Wells Cathedral. doorways, that is, they are different in section above the capitals. Ordinary windows, on the other hand, follow the principle of continuous archways. The interior arch, or rear-rib, of Early English and Geo- 58 MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. metric windows is generally borne by a shaft,* except in very plain and inexpensive buildings. Shafts, in fact, form a very essential part in the composition of the more elaborate windows in these styles. The aisles and clerestory in the nave of St. Alban's Abbey, and the south choir- aisle of St. Mary's Church, Stafford, afford most beautiful instances of shafted window- jambs. The labels or hood-moldings of the date of Edward I. and II. are often undercut by a three-quarter circle, sunk in the surface of the wall, as in PL. VI. figs. 1 and 10, doorways at Little Ellingham, Norfolk; fig. 8, the north doorway at Hing- ham ; and fig. 13, at Hardingham. This latter example is un- usually bold and deep. It measures three feet across from the outer face of the label to the soffit, and the effect is remarkably fine. Fig. 5 is the interior of a window-jamb at Sleaford. Fig. 7 from a monument at Boston, the soffit at A. Fig. 4 is the molding of the pier-arches in the same church, of unusual and decidedly early character, though of rather lat.e Decorated date. PL. V. fig. 2, is a doorway at Great Ellingham. It closely resembles PL. VI. fig. 6. Fig. 4 is the inner doorway of the south porch at Boston. There is a close resemblance in the composition of this and of fig. 1, a monument in the same church, betraying the hand of the same artist. This resemblance should always be attended to, not only in the same church, but in the neighbouring edifices, because a strong presumption of coeval date is thence to be derived. And monuments especially were so often inserted subsequently, that it is very important to compare their moldings with other parts of the same church. The character of these two examples is rather late ; and they are wiry and poor in their effect, from being cut away too deeply and widely from the block surface. * Called anciently, the rear-shaft. Willis's Architectural Nomencla- ture, p. 57. DECOEATED MOLDINGS. 59 PL. V. fig. 5, is from a fine Decorated tomb at Ewerby Church, Lincolnshire ; a noble structure, which almost rivals its immediate neighbour, the celebrated St. Andrew's, Hecking- ton. This molding is a good and effective composition. It is shown in perspective, to illustrate the difference in appearance which exists between the same molding exhibited in section and in elevation. The roll-and-triple-fillet produces a fine effect in moldings of this style. Its edge-lines are sharp and deli- cate, and the profile beautifully relieved by the deep side- hollows with which it is necessarily connected. PL. V. fig. 7, is the interior of a window-jamb atBennington, Lincolnshire, and fig. 10 the exterior of the same. Fig. 8 is the interior of a window-jamb at Heckington. Fig. 13 is one side of the belfry-arch at West Keal, Lincolnshire.* 'PL. VII. fig. 8, is the outer archway of the west entrance to the precinct, Peterborough ; an effective Decorated group. Fig. 9 is a very common plan of a Decorated window. It is taken from Yaxley, Hunts. Fig. 10 is from Clipsham, Eutland a window which is elegantly enriched by a trail of ball-flowers in the hollow chamfer of the outer order. Fig. 12 is a Decorated window from the chancel at Over ; fig. 11, from Horbling, Lincolnshire. This also is a very common form in Decorated windows. Fig. 13 is from the outer porch doorway at North- borough. Fig. 15, a groin-rib from Kivaulx Abbey ; fig. 16, a doorway from West Keal ; fig. 21 is a window from the fine Decorated chancel at Keddington, or Ketton, Suffolk. Fig. 22, the molding at the angle of a piscina, Thurlby, Lincolnshire. Fig. 23, the south doorway at Langtoft, near Market Deeping. PL. XX. fig. 4, is an archway in the cloisters at Peterborough, with double jamb- shafts. * This example is badly copied, and must not be depended upon. 60 MANUAL OF GOTHIC MOLDINGS. SECTION VII. OF PERPENDICULAR MOLDINGS. FROM THE ACCESSION OF RICHARD II. TO DEATH OF HENRY VIII.* A.D. 1377 TO 1546. IN .the moldings of this style a debasing influence will at once be perceived in the comparatively meagre save-trouble method of working them. Large and coarse members, with little of minute and delicate detail, wide and shallow hollows, occupying spaces which, in early work, would have been filled with groups of separate moldings ; hard wiry edges in place of rounded and softened forms, and general shallowness of cutting, are all conspicuous characteristics. Add to these, that their general arrangement on the chamfer-plane, which is a marked feature of the Per- pendicular period, gives a flatness which is unpleasing to the eye in comparison with the rectangularly recessed grouping of the two preceding styles. At the same time, there is such a mass of really high art in the work of this period, that the student must be careful not to slur it over, in indulging any predilection he may have formed for earlier work. The mold- ings of this style frequently die into a basement composed of the simple uncut chamfer - plane, in which case the outer edges of each molding of course coincide with Fireplace, Vicar's Close, Wells. the moldings are developed from it. it, since it is only by cutting channels that Three peculiarities are so * This might fairly be divided by the student into Perpendicular and Tudor, commencing the latter with the reign of Henry, VII., 1485. PERPENDICULAR MOLDINGS. 61 common in Perpendicular moldings, that their absence almost forms the exception to general usage. These