Practical Applications

vellels, ‘Tie up the limb by the clavicle. Prefervation. When varaithed, keep it in a cool and dry place. A LOWER EXTREMITY, FOR ARTERIES AND VEINS. Having removed the contents of the abdomen, male a feétion throush the fymphyfis of the pubis, and the ligaments connedting the ilium and facrum, fo as to remove one fide of the pelvis. Preparation. Fix a pipe in a vein as near the tocs as pollible, and another in the iliac artery. When the limb has been well foaked in warm water, prefs out the blood from the veins, or throw in fome warm water at the venal pipe ; but carefully prefs it out again, and tie up the iliac vein. Secure all divided veifels. Injettion. Buc injeétion, or yellow, may be put into the veing and red into the artery. Diffttion. Expofe the courfe of the artery and veins, particu larly the profunda of the thigh. ‘THE GRAVID UTERUS, FOR ARTERIES AND VEINS. The gravid uterus, or the uterus foon after it hus expelled the fetus, may be injeéted, to fhow its large and tortuous veffels. It may beinjeéted whilft in the body ; but this ix always attended with much difficulty, and never fucceeds fo well as when re= moved from the body. ‘Therefore feparate the fpermatie and hy- pogattric veff-ls as far from the uterus as poffible, and cut out the uterus with the bladder, vagina, and external parts of genc- ration. Preparation. Put a pipe in each fyermatic artery, and each hypogattric, and alfo one into each fpermatic and hypogattrie vein ; {0 that, at leatt, there will be four pipes for arteries, and four for veins, neceffiry. Be very carcful that all the divided vellels be fecured by ligature, which only can enfure fuccefs. Injeétion. Red and yellow are molly preferred the former for the arteries, the latter for the veins. Be carefulthat the red be thrown into all the arterial pipes, and the yellow into th nal; and, tu prevent mittakes, it will be better to have the pipes of the veins different from thole of the artcriss. Diftend the vagina and uterus with horfe hair, roducing it throughthe vagina, or, if the fostusbe in 22 18, by x perpendicular feétion through the anterior parietes, whicly is to he fewed up again. ‘Then diffect away all Inofe cellular Arudtare and far, proferving the round and broad ligaments, and Fallopian tubes. Should the tetus be in the uterus. an incifion fhould be mace, a6 above dizedted, except the placenta be adhe Fing there, which is known by the gre t number of veffils, and then on the oppofite fide, and through the membranes, to remove the child; cut the umbilical cord clofe to the fetes, and fix a yipe in onc umbilical artery, and another in the umb lical vein, the Lat ter carrying arterial blood, fhould be filled with ree inje@tim, and the artery with yellow; the cod is to be laid round the placentas Prefervation. When well varnithed, fufpend itin a cate, with a glats front and back. A PLACENTA, FOR ARTERIES AND VEINS. ‘This is perhaps the eafiet preparation to make with coarfe in~ je@ion, and thould, theretore, he the firft attempt of the ftudent. Preparatien, Fix a large pine in the vein, and a {mall onein one ol the arteries. ‘The diffic. ry ufually attendant on getting pipe inco the artery is obviated in a grest meafure by intredu= cing the point of the fciffars intethefe veffels, and flitting them down for bout halt an inch, then fprcading the artery open upon the tire-finger, and keeving it fe by preifure with the thumb, by which the sipe may be carried in without difficulty. A ligature fhould be paffed round cach pipe with a necdle, taking care not to pundere any of the veffels. Injedticn. ‘The whual colours are to be feleded 5 but inftead of throwing the yellow into the vein, it thould be pufhed into the artery, forthe artery here peiforms the {unétion of a vein, and wice werfa, When there are two placenta: there fhould be differ- enterlours ufed. Difition. The fponpy fubltance is to be carefully dife@ed away tm the injected veffels, the placenta foaked in cold water, to get rid of its bliod, and then dried, curling the cord around its and thould rhe inembrane: not be much torn, they may be diftende! with curled hain over ity Picfervation, Vis glals toy. ‘THE HEART, IN SITU; WITH THE HEAD AND ADJACENT VESSELS, For this purpoft choofe the head of a young fubje&, or an adult whote heart is fiec from.{st. ‘The liver, ftomach, fpleen, fe. are t> be removed trom the abdomen, and the aorta divided jut asit gives off the corlinc artery. ‘The incifiun into the chest thould be carried through the integuments, from the trachea fo th it wel fix its bottom in a cafe with a oS thovenfiform cartilage, the Rernum fawed through, and bent one halfon each fide, trom the extremity of the cartilages neareit the ribs 5 then divide one of the pusmonary veins a3 near as po!= fille to tie lungs, and remove a portion of bone over the longi- tudinal finus of the dura mater, Preparation. Having well foaked the parts in warm water, and {queezsd the blond from the heart and vellels, by the inferi cava and pulmonary vein, put a pipe into the longitudinal finus of the dura matcr, pointed cowards the occipital bone, another into the pulmonary vein, a third into the vena azygos, and one into the receptaculom chyli, or thoracic du. ‘Tic up carefully the aorty and the vena cava inferior, and put a ‘trong ligature around the middle of each arm. Injection. “Shree colours are required ;—one for the arterics, whi h thould be red; another for the veins, which may °c yel low or bloc 5 and the third for the thoracic duct, which hould be white, to imitate chyle, Throw the red injeétion into the pipe in che pulmonary vein, which will fill the left auricle, ven tricle, aorta, and all the arteries. ‘The pipe in the head is for the yellow injection; by this will be filled the veins of the head, face, neck, and cheft, the right auricle of the heart, the right ventricle, and the pulmonary arterics. Should the vena azygos not be injeSted, the yellow inje€tion is to be throwninto it. A finall quantity of white injeétion is fulficient for the thoracic due. # Diff-étion. Remove the body by a tranfverfe feétion at the lait doi fal vertebra, then amputate the arms at their middle, faw away one fide of the bones of the feull, and wath away the brain : then diffeét away ull the loofe cellular membrane and fat, and expofe the various parts in the bet manner ; diffe& away the lungs, leaving the pulmonary arteries as long 2s poffible. Prifervation. ‘Tinis is, when well dune, a valuable prepara uon, and deferving of great care. Varnith it well, and preterve it in a fquare glats cale. A FOETUS, TO EXHIBIT THE PECULIARITIES OF ITS CIRCULATION. For this purpofe fele® a itill-born fetus ; and, if poffible, one that died from a flo» ng of the mother. Préparation, Diffeét the umbilical vein from the arteries, tour inches trum the umbilicus, and fix a pipe in taking care not to include the arteries. ‘Throw warm water in= to this pie, and wath out the blood, which will flow out by the umbilical arteries. Having drained away as much of the water as pollible, tie a ligature very loofe on the umolical arteries. Injedtion, The fartus being heated, throw in gently any co~ Jouied inje€tion, ‘The watet will come away frit through the a - umbilical arteries; and, when the injeétion appears, make tlie ligature firm, to prevent its further egrefs. Diffetion. ‘The peculiarities in the fetal circulation are the | umbilical cord, the duétus venofus, the duétus arteriofus, and foramen ovale. When the body is cold, procced to the diffece jon; remove the head from the cervical vertebrae, the arms, ith the feapulx, and psdoral moufcles; the inferior extremity : at the articulation with the pelvis, the whole of the parietes of the abdomen, leaving the arterics running to the cord by the fides of the bladder; the anterior part of the thorax, with the fternum, cartilages, and part of the ribs, the integuments and mufeles of the back. Nest cut away the lungs, and remove the pericare dium; Keep the diaphragm in its place, and turn up the liver, fo as to expote the dudtus venofiis. Some diffeétion and carcis here neceffary. Difle&t away the ftomach and inteftines, and lay out the mefenteric velfels, diftend the bladder with air, and cut away any thing that may obitrué the view of the veffelss The foramen ovale cannot be exhibited. Prefervation. After having varnithed it hang it in a glafs bell, with a hook at its top. PENIS, The penis may be injeAed, to thow the two corpnra caver- nofa, the corpus fpongiofum, und ylans, with the arteries and veins. For this purpofe any heidthy penis will do, but large ones are generally preferred. Having vut through the intesu- ments and fott parts in the pelvis, in the direétion the fiw is xo be pafled, faw through the middle of each crifts of the pubis, feraight down and through the afcending ramus of each iithiam, clofe to their commencement, and thus remove the pubis, with the bladder and external parts of generation, Preparation. Make an incifion into cither of the crura ofthe corpora cavernofa, and into the bulbous part of the urethra, as tear to the pruttate gland as polible; foik it in hot water, and carefully prefs out the blood from every part. Introduce a prohe along the vena magna ipfius penis, by an incifion at its rost, to break down its valves fix a pipe in each of thefe inc’f ns, and another in each vas deferens, at its encrance into the vaficulie feminales, and fecure all the divided veffels. Injeétion. Four colours are necrffary ; thofe generally. pre- ferred are red, yellow, blue, and white, ‘Throw the red into the corpus fpongiofum, which will dittend the glans; the yele fow into the corpus cavernofum pipe; the hur into th: veps magna ipfius penis ; and the white into the vals de'erouti Diffictien. Anflate the bladder, JilfeG sway all the & and keep the penis ereét againit the fymphylis pubi.. Prefervarien, In acovered box. 25 TESTICLE. A tefticle of an aduit thould be chofen free from difeafe, and "great care is requifite in removing it from the body. Firft, en- _ farge the ring of the oblique mufcle, puth the teiticle through fromthe ferotum, and feparate its cellular conneéting fubftance ; then cut the Spermatic artery and pampiniform plexus as high as poflible, and then the vas deferens. Préparation. When well foaked, prefs out the blood from the veins; put a pipe into the fpermatic artery, and another into a vein; and fecure all other open mouths. Injedtion, Red is to be fent into the artery, and yellow or blue into the vein, which is without valves. Then fix the quicl- filver tube in the vas deferens, and fufpend itin water ; this done fill it with mercury, and in twenty-four hours it may be removed to be diffeéted, Diffeffion, Cut away the tunica vaginalis, and the tunica albuginea, which requires great care: then remove all the cel- {ular and adipofe membrane, and dry it on a board previoufly waxed. Preferwation. In acommon preparation glafs, on a blue or ieen paper ground. ‘THE SYSTEM OF THE VENA PORTE. =~ Remore the livery fplcen, ftomach, and inteltines altogether, of perfon whole mefentery is free from fat, cutting away at the root of the mefentery, behind the peritoneum. Preparation. Cut into a mefenteric vein, as near to the in- (efline a3 poffible, and fecure it with a ligature paffed around it with a necdle, taking care not to wound any other vein, Injeét warm water, and let it again run out by the divided vefte. Drain its water off, and fecure all the veins, the hemorrhoid. - cfpecially. Injeftion. ‘Throw any colour into the pipe, which will pafs into the fplenie, mefenteric, and internal hemorrhoidal vein, and into the vena porta. Difzfion. Remove all the foft parts; the ftomach, fpleen, “and inteftines; cutting the veilels as long as pollible, and dry them in the beft manner, either attached to the liver, or diffedt ‘away the liver from the ven2 porta, taking care to preferve fomy ‘of its ramifications. vation. In a covered boxs Vor, I. 26 HEART. The heart is moftly injeéted out of the body, to fhow isa) common and proper veffels, For this purpofe, choole a lean: heart. Cut through the thoracic vifcera immediately at the t of the thorax ; divide the intercoftal arteries by drawing the ken down the pleura, over the ribs beyond their origin, feparate the vena cava inferior and aorta, in the abdomen, with the cava hepatice; and remove the thoracic vifcera, with the portion of the diaphragm furrounding the veffels. Preparation. Soak the blood and coagula out of the cavities of the heast, and prefs the blood from the coronaries. Put a pipe into the vena cava fupericr, and another into one of the pulmonary veins, ‘Then tic the lungs at their root, the vena cava inferior the arteria innominata, the left carotid and fub= clavion; and pafs.a ligature, with a flip knot, round the finus of the aorta, and fecure all other open veffels. Injectin. The common coloured injeGions, red and yellov only are wanted. ‘Throw the former into the pulmonary vien, which will fll the left auricle, ventricle, aorta, and coronary arteries. ‘The yellow, being fent into the fuperior cava, will diffend the right auricle, coronary veins, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery. In order to fill the coronaries well, the in= Je€tor muit flop two or three times in the courfe of the pr:cefiy to fqueeze on the injeétion in them with his nail; then heat the whole again, and throw in more injeétion. The preparation having cooled, a pipe is to be fixed at the bottom of the aotti, and fome red injeétion, juft hot enough to run through the fy- finge, is to be puthed along the aorta, an affiltane throwing cold water on the intercoltals, if the injeétion runs through them. Diffeftion. Cur away the lungs, pericardium, and al the fol arts. i“ Preferwation, ther ina covered box, or under a glafs bell, STOMACH. INTESTINES. BLADDER. Thefe are bett injeéted with the whole fubjeét, but may be re- moved and injeéted feparately. GENERAL oBSERVATION 1. The anatomift can only fuceeed by having the preparation conttantly heated as he is throwing in the injeétion, 2. ‘The injeétion thould be thrown in very gradually. 4. When injedted, the part thouls be immediatly immerfed in cohd water. ° 27 VREPARATIONS WITH MINUTE INJECTION. BONES. The vafeularity of hones is to he demonftrated, by throwing fine injeétion into an extremity, eutting out the bone when :!/, feparating it from all the foft parts, immerfing it in water for a few days, 0 foak out the blond, and then putsing it int> a my ture of muratic acid and water in the proportion of one un toa quart, for three or four manths, adding about, every m nth adrachwn of acid. The limb of « ricke'ty child is to be ehoton. Injettion. ut a pipe into the largelt artery of the extremity, and throw gradually the red injeétion into it, fixing the ttop-cock in the pipe. A FOETUS, Still-born children, when inje@ted with minute injetion, afford a number of beautiful preparations. Preparation. No water fhould be thrown into the veflels, Fix 4 pipe with a Rop-enck into the umbilical vein, and tie the arte~ tes in the ligature. Trjeétisn, Red injoétion is always cholen for this purpote 5 and throw it in with great eare, until the abdomen and {kin all over become very tumid. Firft mucus comes from the nofe and ‘mouth, then the meconium from the anus, and often pure fizes Diffeffion. Cut off the head from the thoulders, the arms be- Yow the shoulder joint, and the legs juit below the acetabu- lum then preferve a fmall quantity of the intezuments around the navel, and remove all the anterior parietes of the abéomen and chelt, { as to cxhibit the thoracic and abdominal vifcera. Cut away the integuments and potterior part of the theea verte~ bralis, toexhibit the medulla fpinalis. Prefervation. Soak out the blood, and preferve it in proof fpirit, to thow the vifcera and their vafeularity. From 9 well-injeéted fetus may. be obtained the following, preparations, 4. If the foetus be about (oven months old, the membrana pa If it be maleof this age, the teficle in the abdomen, with the guberasesli 4. The wafealer and radiated fibres of the parietal Denes. 4: The wafiular membrane, including the tect 5. The vifiera of the chef (eparate, if better Thole of the abdomen, thowing the-vafcularity of th amas sland, and heart, dthan ngs, thye 28 6. The smack, which is to be inverted, to thow its vafcula illiows coat, Ge The fitefines, which are to be feparated from the mefen~ tery, and inverted, to thow their willous coat. . oll 8. The glandule renales and kidaics together, to exhibit thelr relative fize, and tne lobulated ftructure of the kidney. 9. The wterus and ies appendages, to thow the long ovaria and plicee of the neck of the uterus and vagina. ’ 19. The exterual parts of the female organs of generation, to fhow the bymem, . 31. A red portion of the Ain, to exhibit its vafcularity, 12) The medulla fpiralit, to thow its veflels, and the cauda equina, Nig. The menbrana tympani, to exhibit its vatcularity. 14. The cary of the tympanum, to show its vatcularity, and that of the periofteum of its bones. 7 15, The vefibulum and cochlea, to thow the membranous fe= micircular canals of the former, with their ampull# injeéted, and the vafeularity »fthe zona mollis, 16. The bead, to show the natural appearance of the face, the papilla of the lips, tongue, &c. 17. The band, to thow its natural colour. Preferwation. ‘The above preparations are all to be well foake ed from their blood, and preferved in proof (pirit of wine. 18. A Portion of fain, freed of its adeps, to show its vafou larity. 19. The membrana tympani, to how its velfels. 20. The beart, to thow the foramen ovale, by diftending the cavities with air; and, when dry, cutting away the outermoft fides of the auricles, and introducing a briltle. 21. Any large mufcle, freed from its cellular membrane and fat, and dried, to thow the wafeularity of the mufele. Profervation. Thefe are all to be dried, well vatnithed, and preferved in bottles. Some prefer putting them into (pirit of turpentine; but this fhould be avoided as much as pofible, for the turpentine is always oozing in warm water, and dirtying the glafs. UTERUS, ‘The objet of injeGing an uterus with fine injetion is to exhibit the vafeularity of its internal membrane, which fure ithes the catamenia. For this purpofe the uterus of a perfon whofe menftruation has not been fopped by age or difeate is to be (ele€ted. Preparation. Remove the uterus, by dividing the veffels a3 long as poflible, the round and broad ligaments, andias much a