Preservation Methods for Organs

‘The hand is {ufpended by a flring from the edge of the jar. PREPARATIONS OF THE VISCERA. “FPRHE various parts of the body may be preferved in a hea.- P body may be p thy ftate, either to exhibit their form or ftruéturc, or to | cémpare them with movBid parts. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 3. Whem removed from the body, and the ufelefS parts ui feed away, the part to be preferved is to be Yoaked in water, in > order to get out the blood. 2. When itis neceffary to give parts their natural form, which s lof by macerating, put them into 2 faturated folution of ullum, retaining them by any means in the required form, until they ecome hardened. If it be a hollow part, as the ftomach, blad- der, &c, Bll it with, and immerfe it in, the folution. 3- When an opening is to be exhibited, as that of che ureter, the bile-du@, the lacunae of the urethra, Stenonian duét, Fal- Topian tube, éce introduce a briftle, After this manner preferve the uterus and its appendages cutting open the vagina and cavi- ty of the uterus, the bladder, intettine, @omach, heart in,the sericardiam, liver, fpleen, kidney, &c. &c. 4+ Alll preparations of the brain are belt hardened in a fatura- sed falution of corrofive fublimate. g- The parts are to be fufpended in proof fpirit by raw fill, in 1 tit-over bottle, and covered with bladder, taking care to cx- clude ll air. When dry, varnith the bladder with mucilage of gum arbic feveral times} then put a theet of thin lead over, and varnith its edges with mucilage; and laftly, tie another bladder over, and give it a coat of common fpirit varnifh, in which lamp- lick, or other colouring matter, is mixed. PREPARATIONS OF MORDBID PARTS. saorbid parts thould, immediately after their removal from body, be put into reétified (pirit of wine for a day or two, vad thea preferved in proof {pirit Thefe preparations foul a great quantity of fpirit, and (hould therefore be Kept in fopper- glaifes, from which the fpiit can esfily be removed, and fresh ;Antil the preparation ceafes to foul the fgirit, when it may rinto a tie-over bottle, ‘ Yous fe B At PREPARATIONS MADE BY MACERATING. eparations obtained by this procefs are very various. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. y. Let the water be fiequently changed, until it is no longer, coloured with blood, but never after the blood is fteeped away. 2. Let the macerating pan be placed in a warm place, to taci= litate purrefaétion, | 3+ ‘The macerating pan fhould never be in a cold place, for the fpermaceti-like converfion of the foft parts will be formedy and the bones fpoiled, «The (oft parts furrounding bones are a long time before they detach themfelves fiom the bones. ‘5+ Bones, when macerated, fhould be expofed to the fun's rays, and frequently wetted with clean water, or they may be Bleached with the diluted oxygenated muriatic acid, BONES. Bones are macerated to be preferved whole, or they are fuwed to expofe their internal ftruéture. Bones of the bead. Put the whole head, without ditturbing the fleth or brains, into the pan, When fufficiently macerated, all the (oft parts will come away with the periofteum 5 then de- tach the vertebra, and wath out the brain. Bones are feparated from cach other by filling the eranium with peas, and_ putting it into water, The fame method is to be adopted with other bones. Bones in general, for firudlure. Divide the femur into two halves: the os innominatum, the petious portion of the tempi xal bone, the parietal bones, &c. thefe, when macerated, will exhibit the compat, the fpongy, laminated, and reticular tub- fiance of bones. A FOETUS. Cut carefully away the fatty fubftance enveloping a fetus, but do not cut any of the cartilage. Stecp out its blood, and ma- cerate, It thould be frequently looked at, and taken our when the fic is all deftroye’, before the cartilages are fparated. ‘Phe fellowing preparations are obtained in this way : 1, The fuperior extremity, to thow its bones, the progrefs of offification, and th» cartila-e to be formed into bone. 2s The lower extremity, to expofe the fame circumilance. 3+ The fpine, which forms a beautiful preparation, 4. The pelvis, not lefs elegant, Prefervation, The above all to be preferved in proof fpirit 15 CUTICLE. ‘The cuticle of the hand and foot may be feparated by mace- ration 5 the former is called eboratheca, the latter podatheca, The aim and foot of a large iwetus ate to be preferred they are firit to ve well wathed with a fott fpunge in foaj and water. Prefervation. Sufpend them in proof ipirit; fielt tie the part by which they are to be fufpended, then put them into the bot- tle with the fpirit, and gently pour fome {pirit into the cuticle, to diftend it like a glove or itocking. ae eae INJECTING INSTRUMENTS. The celebrated Dutch Anatomitt, Ruy/ch, firlt invented the art of injeéting animal bodies. There are three kinds of apparatus ufed in making injeGled preparations, ‘The one for the coarfe and fine injetions, and the minute inje@tion 5 the other for injeéting with quickfilver 5 and the third, called the oytter fysinge, for injeéting minute pre parations with the minute injeétion only. ‘The firit eonfilts of a brafs (yrings made for the purpole, of various fizes, from one carrying fix ounces to one fufficiently large to hold two pounds, ‘The point of thefe (yringes is adapt— ed to the pipes into whivh itis to be affixed. To this fyringe belong a (tup-cock, and a great variety of pipes. ‘The inttrument for injeting quickfilver confitts of a long lafs tube, at whofe end is fixed, by fciewing in, a Steel pipe, the end of which is extremely fine. ‘The oytter fyringe is fimilar to the large fyring', except in fize. It is fo fmall, that when the fyringe is in tie hand, and full, its pifton may Se commanded by the thumb of that hand to throw its contents into any orepara'ion in the other hand. ‘The pipe affixes by being ferewed to the end of this fyringe is nearly 4s fmall as that belonging ‘9 the quickiilver tuoe, ‘Thefe inttruments are always to be had at the furgical inftru- ment makers, INJECTIONS. ‘ The injeétions employed for anatomical purpofes are of four different kinds : coarfe, fine, minute and mercurial. CoaRSe INJECTIONS. Red. Yellow bees’ wax, fixteen ounces—the palett refin, eight ounces—turpentine varnith, fix ounces, by meafure—finely Ie gated vermilliun, three ounces. 16 Yellow. Yellow bees’ wax, fixteen ounces—pale refiny eight ounces—turpentine varnifh, fix ounces—king's yellow, two ‘ounces and a half, i Wire, Fine virgins’ wax, fixteen ounces—pale retin, cight ouncer—turpentine varnith, fix ounces—beft flake white, nie ounces and 4 half, é Pale blue. Fine virgins’ wax, fixtcen ounces—pale refin, eight ounces—turpentine varnith, fix ounces—bett flake white, three ounces and 2 half—fine blue fmalt, three ounees and a half. Dark blue. Fine virgins’ wax, fixteen ounces—pale reliny ” eight ounccs—turpentine varnith, fix ounces—bluc verditer, ten ounces and a half. - Black. Yellow bees’ wax, fixteen ounces—pale refin, cight ounces—turpentine varnifh, fix ounces—pure lamp black, ouc ounce. i Green. Yellow bees’ wax, fixteen ounces—pale refin, eight ounces—turpentine varnith, fix ounces—levigated cvyftallized verdigrife, four ounces and a hal{—bett flake white, one ounce jigated gamboge, one ounce. Liquefy the wax, refin, and turpentine varnifh over a flow” fire, in an earthen pipkin; then add the colouring matter, ha- ving picvioufly mixed it in another pipkin, with a very fmall Or of the melted compofition. Stir the whole well toge- ther with a wooden peftle, fo that the colouring ingicdients may be int-mately and fmoothly blended; place the whole again over the fire, and, when they Baye acquired their due heat, the in- jedtion will be fit for ufc. FINE INJECTIONS. Brown {pirit varnish, white fpirit varnith, of each four ounces —turpentine varnith, onc ounce. ‘Thefe are to be put together in an earthen pipkin, over a flow fire, until they have acquired the neccffary degree of heat. To make it of a ted colour, put one ounce of finely levigated ver million into another pipkin, and gradually add the heated mate- sials, ftircing the whole with 2 wooden peltle, that the colour may be equally difful One ounce ani a quarter of king's yellow—:wo ounces of belt flake white—one ounce and a half of fine blue fale, with one ounce anda quurter of beit flake white—four ounces of blue verditer—half an out ce of pure lamp-biack—are the proportions for the various colouss to the quantity of ingredients ordered aboves MINUTE INJECTIONS. “The fize, which forms the vehicle to the colouring matter i®. thefe injedtions, is made in the Following manner : 17 Vake, of the fineft and molt tranfparent glus, one noundy break it into (mall pieces, put it into an earthen pot, and pour on it three pints of cold water, let ic fund twenty-four hours, Girring it now and then with a Rick; then fet it over a flow fire for half an nour, or until all the picees ars perfeétly siffolved 5 Skim off the froth from the furface, and train it through a Aan- nel for ufe, : Minglafs Wnd the euttings of parchment male an elegant fie for very particular injeétions; and thofe who are not very nice may ule the beft double fize of the hops. Red. Size, one pint—Chinefe vermillion, two ounces. Yel'my. Size, one pint—king’s yellow, two ounces and a half, White. Site, ane pint—bett flake white, three ounees and ahalf, Blue. Siz:, one pint—fine blue malt, fix ounces. Green, Size, one pint—levigated cryitalized verdigrife, two ounees—belt Hake white levigated gamboge, of each eight fora ples. Black. Size, one pint—lamp-blick, one ounce. GENERAL OnSERVATIONS. ; 1. All injeétions are to be heated to fuch a degree ax not to deftroy the texture of the veilels they are intended ro fll; the belt ctiterion of this degree of heat is dipping the finger into the injetion, If the finger can bear the heat, the texture of the veifcls will not be hurt. All the coloured materials thoull be as finely levigated as cy before they are mixed with the injection. 3. Great care ih juld be taken leit the aily ones boil over, or bubble; and that the hear be gentle, otherwife the colour will be altered. 4+ They fhould be conftantly @irred, left the enlouring mate- ial, which is mueh heavier than the vehicle, fall to che bottom. §- The inframent to ftir them wich thould be a wooden pef- tle, and there fh-uld be one for cach volour. 6, A large tin pan to erntain water, with two or three ‘effer ‘ones fixed in it tor the injections, will ve found very ufeful, and prevent all accidents, and the colour from fpoiling, when on the fe. PREPARATION MADE WITH COARSE INJECTION, The blood-vetfels are moftly filled with coarfe injection, and she parts difeeted, to thew their courfe; and when the anatomitt B: 18 withes to exhibit the minuter branches, the fine injeStion is to be thrown in firit, and followed by the courfe. GENPRAL OMSERVATIONS: - ‘There are fercral citcumfances to be oblerved in injeding with the fine ant coarfetinjections, which are applicable to every part into which they are thrown; thefe are— 1. The part to be injeéted fhould be freed from its blood as much as poflible, by Rceping it for feveral hours in warm water, and repeatedly changing it. ‘ 2. Having emptied the part of its blood, the pipe» are to be fixed in their proper veifels, and all other veflels to be tied with 2 ligature. . 4. The heat of the water is then to be gradually increafed to the fame temperature with the injeétion to be thrown ia. 4» The injedting fyringe thould be Geeped in the water with the part to be injeéted, until wanted. : 5+ The in,eétion being finithed, and the fubjeét cold, remove the piocs, and tie up the parts they w re in. Whenever a veifel is oven, by accident or otherwife, be fure to fecure it by a ligt~ ture, or cover it with a piece of thin and moilt bladder, or the injeétion will always be oozing out, we... 6. The parte vilfeéted and dried are to be vamnifhed twice with copal or hard varnifh, firtt wathing them fice frem greafe with fome foap lees, and well drying them again. BLOOD-VESSEL SUBJECT. Scle€t an emaciaced fubje€t, between the age of two and four- teen years. ‘Preparation. Make an incifion through the integuments the whole length of the iternum; then, with a law, divide the fter- num longitudinally into two equal parts; introduce a diffecting knife under the divided bone on cach fide, feparate it from the mediattinum, and lay open the thorax, by bending back the two portions of the fternum and the cartilages of the ribs: an incifion is then to be made into the pericardium, and the left ventricle of the heart, and a large pipe introduced into the aorta, and fecured by a ligature. ‘The fubjeét is next to be put into warm water, and gradually heated. ‘The time geuerally required to heat the whole fobjeét is four hours, in a large body of water. If the veins are to be injeéted, thrce more pipes are requied : ‘one to be put into the angular yein, at the corner of the orbit ; another into a vein as near the fingers as poflible; and tle thir niaa vein as near the toes 2s poffible. 19 Injetion. The Cubje& and injection being properly heated, throw the eourfe red injeétion Inco the heart pipe, which will fill the arterial fyftem and then the coarfe yellow injeétion into the head pipe frit, and next into the pipes of the extremities. The fabjeét, when injeéted, thould be put into cold water, with irs face downwards. Diffeétion. Open the abdomen by an incifion from the fer- ‘num to the umbilicus, and from thenec to each ilium. Cut away the abdominal vifcera, the ftomach, fpleen, and inteftines ; lea ving the mefenteric veffels as long as poffible: diffe away the lier, leaving the vena porta and hepatic artery «s long as pofli« ble. This done, diffeét away the fat and cellular membrane from the veffels; fecure the mefenteric veffels in an arborefcent form on a piece of pafteboard. ‘The kidneys, urinary bladder, uterus, and its appendages, are to be preferved and dried in their fituations. From the thorax are to be removed, the lungs and heart, or the latter may remain. ‘The intesuments being care- fully diffeéted from the tternum, it is to be bent back, and kept in that fituation, to expofe the internal mammary arteries. ‘The diffeéting away the tkin is next, in order to exhibit the mufclesy and expofe the arteries and veins. The fkin fhould only be removed from time to time to carry on the diffeétion, and never more than that covering the part to be diffeéted ; otherwife the parts from which the fkin is removed will become dry, and the diffetion be fpoiled. In diffeéting the arteries and veins, the dificétor will find no difficulty, if he proceeds cautioufly from the larger trunks towards their extremities. ‘The brain is co be re- moved by fuwing away a large portion of the bone on each fide of the longitudinal finus of the dura mater. ‘The checks thould be puthed out by introducing horfe hair into the mouth, Drying. When dilfeded, or Uetorc, the fubject thovld be hong up by the head in a frame: one arm is to be placed at a littie Jiitance trom the fide, and the oth=r turned up over the head, with the palin of the land in front: the legs at a little dittance from each other, and kept in thef: poliuies by packthread, Should any mufeles obtruct the ight of the arteries, they are to be feparated to a proper difance by pices of wood. done, expole it to a current of air, in a place where it cannot get wet ; and if the weather be moiit, remove, from time to time, all moiiture, by 4 fof fpuny Profervat on. Varnith it feveral times, and keep i place, and in a proper cafe, with a glufs front and back. A HEAD, FOR ARTERIES AND VEINS. Choofe an emaciated head of an adult, feparated from the bo- dy, by a cranfverfe feétion, about the fixth or feventh vertcbra. ina dry 20 Preparation. Put a pipe into each carotid, or, what is better, one pipe with a bifurcation; remove a portion of bone over the longitudinal finus of the dura mater, about the middle of the pa~ rietal bones, and fecure a pipe in the longitudinal finus, pointed towards the occiput. Put the head into warm water, to foaky preiling the blood ocefionally out of the external and internal Jugulars, ‘Then tic up the jugular veins and vertebral arteries, and all the fmall veffels. Injefficme Into the carotids throw the red injeétion, and the yellow, or dark blue, into the vipe in the finus of the dura mater. Phe former will fll the arteries, the latter the veins. Dijeien. Follow the courfe of the larger trunks, diffe out the globes of the eyes, and remove, with a fine faw, the portion of the jaw-bone behind the la(t molaris, to Mhew the courfe of the internal carotids. ‘To prepare the whole hrad, a portion of the cranium mutt be removed, by fawin, on one fide of the lun- situ i finus of the dura mater trom the frontal finus ‘o the horizontal foine of the occipital bone, and then fawing horizon tally above the ear, from one extremity of the former in. ifion to the other, The dura mater fhould be removed with a pair of feiffurs, the brain carefully wathed out, and the tentoriunt and fulx preferved. Ie is better to make a perpendicular feélion of the head, a little to one fide of the fagittal fucure, through the nofe, foranien magnum, and vertebra; and thus prepure each fide. The eourfe of the cervical artery is to be fhown by diffeéting avvay the mufiles, &o. from between the teantverfe proceiles. Prefervation. Varnith it feveral times, and kep it in a glafs cafe fulpendeds of fx it by the neck, and cover i with laf bell. AN ARM, FOR ARTERIES AND VEINS. Remove the fuperior extremity from the trunk, by feparatiny the clavicle from the iternum, raifing, it, and paffing the knife under it to the articulation, including the greater part of the pectoral mufcle. Then cut under the feasula, foas to remove wit) the arm the clayivle, fcapula, and fubfeapalaris mufele. Preparation. After fovking it in warm water, force our the blood from the veins, by prefling the extremity from the fingers toward the fhoulder. “Fix a pipe in the axillary artery, and another in the largeft vein on the back of the hand ; fome warm water may be inj»tted into the vein, fo as to wath out the blood and, when preffed out, the axillary vein fhould be tied. ‘Tie any mu(cular branches thar may be gaping. Injeftion. Red injeétion may be thrown into the artery, and a yellow, or dark blue, into the vein. a 21 Diffittion. This is very fimple ; it requires only the remo- valof all the cellular and’ fatty membrane, and expofing the courfe of the