Chapter VI. Note the possibilities of obtaining a quick change of air in every room. Carefully inspect the apparatus for water supply— ‘the tank in the attic, if there is one (each water-closet must have its own separate flush-tank) ; avoid the use of a well in any thickly settled region. Learn from compe- tent authority if the town supply is well cared for. Be- ware of house filters; water, that prime necessity of human life, should be like Casar’s wife—above suspicion. Much of the air which enters the different rooms of the house comes from the cellar. A heated house acts like a chimney. Not only does it draw in air from the ground through the cellar walls and floor, unless they are made impervious, but the movement of air is from the bottom upwards, and the air of the cellar makes its way into every part of the house. A German experimenter proved that one half of the cellar air made its way into the first story, one third into the second, and one fifth into the third. The upward movement of air is shown frequently by ceilings. The dark streaks are formed by the ‘deposit of dust from the air which passes through the plastering. These facts prove the necessity of especially considering the cellar in its function of a reservoir of air for the whole house; and it will be readily agreed that there is little use in adopting special methods of ventilation for the living rooms and sleeping rooms if foul air is allowed constantly to rise from the cellar. Therefore, during most of the year there should be a free circulation of air through screened open windows. In very hot summer days the windows should be closed during the day to prevent the deposit of moisture upon the walls. <Callout type="important" title="Ventilation is Critical">The quality of cellar air directly affects the health of your entire household.</Callout> The reader may exclaim, “Why, you would be more particular about the cellar than the parlor!” and she would not be far from right. The day has not passed when a contemplated visit to a cellar is, in many cases, a cause of some trepidation and alarm. There are the breakneck stairs to grope down, and some calculation is needed to land in safety on the board floating about at the bottom. A few steps farther and the intruder may knock her head against a hanging shelf, covered with an accumulation of fragments of food. She decides that a little fresh air would be desirable. She makes her way toward one of the narrow windows through whose covering of cobwebs and dust a few rays of light straggle. The first attempt to open a window is a failure, for the coal-bin forms an impassable barrier; and the second window is as inaccessible, because of the row of old barrels, filled with decaying vegetables and household rubbish, which are placed against the cellar wall. The only other inlet for fresh air is the cellar door, which is too heavy to lift, and the visitor is forced to retreat without fulfilling her good resolve. For the reverse of this picture we may refer to the cellar which is not only sanitarily ideal but practically possible. It is as light and dry and clean as any room in the house. The windows are large, are on different sides, and can be opened easily. The walls are free from dust and cobwebs, and look quite attractive in their coat of whitewash. The sweetness and purity of the air are not only a satisfaction to the good housekeeper when she inspects her cellar, but they have much to do with the well-being of the family. The following questions suggest methods of keeping undue dampness and harmful ground air out of the cellar and of providing suitable and healthful surroundings for the house. Questions
- When you selected your house did you make sure that it was in a healthful locality as well as in a convenient and fashionable one?
- If the house is situated on rising ground, is the surface water (from rains) carried away on all sides by either natural or artificial drains?
- If the ground is level, are there under-drains carrying away the rain water?
- Are special pains taken to see that there are no leaking drains or cesspools, defective gas pipes, or other sources of contamination for the ground air within two hundred feet of the house?
- If the soil is clayey and compact, is there special provision for drainage and for keeping water out of the cellar?
- Is the house far removed (by at least a quarter of a mile) from garbage dumps or pools of stagnant water where flies or mosquitoes could breed?
- Are the first floor beams of the house laid upon stone, concrete, or brick foundations, three to six feet above the ground? Note—Only about half the height of the cellar is then below the surface of the ground. 22 HOUSE SANITATION
- Is there a cellar or ventilated air space under the whole house?
- Are the vegetables and other perishable articles stored in a light, cool, and dry room walled off from the main part of the cellar, especially if it contains a heating plant?
- Is the cellar perfectly dry at all seasons of the year?
- If not, are special drains laid under the cellar floor?
- If the ground air around the house is not clean and dry, are the floor and walls of the cellar made impervious by asphalt or other means?
- Is the cellar thoroughly cleaned and whitewashed with lime every spring? Note—Lime is a good disinfectant.
- Has the cellar several windows on opposite sides, if possible, so that it is light and well aired?
- Is care taken to keep the ground outside the cellar windows free from any contamination?
- Are these windows accessible?
- Is the coal cellar a light and dry place? Note—The decomposition of the sulphides in the coal goes on much more rapidly in a damp atmosphere. Sulphides cause silver to tarnish.
- Do the living rooms and sleeping rooms have the sunshine a good part of the day? Note—Shade trees often surround the house too closely and prevent the entrance of sunlight, the circulation of fresh air, and the consequent evaporation of moisture. SITUATION OF THE HOUSE 23
- Are there windows on two sides of every room or suite of rooms, or some other efficient means of producing a strong current of air when needed?
- Does the supply of drinking water come from a source absolutely free from contamination? Chiefly applicable to a city house:
- Is the street pavement usually clean and dry?
- Are the gutters clean, and does the water run freely from them to the drain?
- Are the alleys well paved and kept clean?
- If the lot is on made land: (a) Have you consulted old topographical maps, in order to learn the original character of the soil and direction of the water courses? (b) Was the site well drained before the process ce filling in was begun? (c) Does the soil consist of gravel, sand, or loam, not a mixture of ashes, street sweepings, and house refuse? (d) Have some years passed since the lot was filled in?
- Is the back yard provided with a drain for rain water, and is the drain easy of access for cleaning?
Key Takeaways
- Ensure proper cellar ventilation to prevent foul air from affecting living spaces.
- Regularly inspect and maintain water supply systems to avoid contamination.
- Keep the cellar clean, dry, and well-ventilated for health benefits.
Practical Tips
- Regularly check your house's water supply system to ensure it is free from contaminants like bacteria or chemicals.
- Install and use exhaust fans in areas prone to moisture buildup, such as bathrooms and kitchens.
- Keep windows open during warm weather to allow fresh air circulation throughout the home.
Warnings & Risks
Foul Air Risks
Allowing foul air from the cellar to enter living spaces can lead to respiratory issues and other health problems.
Using contaminated water sources for drinking or cooking poses significant health risks, especially in emergency situations. Maintaining a clean and dry cellar can be difficult due to the presence of dust, cobwebs, and other debris.
Modern Application
While the specific techniques for maintaining cellar ventilation have evolved, the core principles remain relevant. Proper air circulation and cleanliness are still crucial in preventing infectious diseases and ensuring overall household health. Modern methods like HVAC systems can help achieve similar goals more efficiently.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How often should I check my water supply system?
You should regularly inspect your water supply system, at least once a year or whenever you notice any changes in the taste, smell, or appearance of the water.
Q: What are some signs that indicate poor air quality in the cellar?
Signs of poor air quality include musty odors, visible dust and cobwebs, and dark streaks on walls. These can be indicators of dampness and mold growth, which should be addressed promptly.
Q: Can I use a dehumidifier in the cellar to prevent moisture buildup?
Yes, using a dehumidifier can help reduce moisture levels in the cellar, making it more habitable and reducing the risk of mold and mildew growth. However, ensure proper ventilation to avoid creating a stagnant environment.