Complete Text (Part 1)

EF IGERAT ~ HODGES 4% HAVENST ESTINGISUSE, CHUN a KERR fe ENGINEERS - = se csiers INTERNATIONAL [BLANK PAGE] FRANKLIN IN Z LIBRAR eiase 62.4.5 oc UP 52.5 613° From .Compay 24g. ae REPRIC MAC 17 SOKTLANDT STREET, NEW YORK fES 1 156 & 158 LAKE STREET, CHICAGO SOMMERCIAL BUILDING, ST. LOUIS DREXEL A CARD. E DESIRE to announce that we have added to our business a department of Ice-making and Refrigerating Machinery. This department is distinct in its organization, having headquarters at our Boston Office, 620 Atlantic Avenue, Church, with Mr authority as under the Fred’k E. charge. Mr, Murphy brings to the business a wide practi: cal experience from his connection with the Consolidated Ice immediate management of Mr. Murphy in executive Engineer in Machine Company in its prosperous days, to which fe has added an extended reputation gained as an expert in connec tion with the work of Prof. Institute of James E. Denton, of the Stevens Technology. We believe that our own standing in professional and financial responsibi earned through eleven years of successful business, places us at once on a par with older competitors in this line. In accordance with our usual practice, we shall in the near future issue explanatory printed matter which will make clear to the intending purchaser the mechanical principles involved in the production of artificial cold; our policy being to discuss the fundamental engineering of every problem in such a way as to make it thoroughly apprehended by the reader, thus bring- ing his own judgment to bear upon the soundness of our practice. This matter is now in hand, but the prepara. tion of the requisite engravings is necessarily a work of time. We, therefore, offer the following pages merely as advance sheets, describing the special apparatus which we manufacture in so far only as it is distinctive. The production of artificial cold and its utilization increasing variety of industries has received the attention of — the best mechanical ability for the past twenty years, experimental stages involving the use of air, ether, oxide, etc., have led to dist unlecteat adopeahs anhydrous ammonia as the refrigerating medium. In e “use ig é ammonia two distinct systems have been exploited, — = fespectively as the Compression and the Absorption systems, characteristics of each system and the limitation of ‘The greatly preponderating majority of plants ; structed upon the Compression system, the advantages of briefly stated, are a much higher efficiency in the use 0 and water per unit of work done; greater reliability of and a simple form of apparatus easily within the co sion of the owner. For some time past we have been led to | there were immense possibilities in the “application cold, which ial ot oo cation. i an PDEs 1199 29 pression systems. The various forms of compression apparatus offered by their several builders are nevertheless almost identi: cal in construction, and wholly so in principle, It is an expen sive class of machinery, and the fact that its cost does n decrease in proportion as the size of the plant decreases, has limited its application mostly to heavy industries employing large capital, such as breweries, cold-storage warehouses, ice making plants of fifty tons capacity and upwards in the lai cities, etc, The fact impressed us, that if a compression system could be designed in which, without sacrifice of its normal efficiency, the apparatus itself could be so simplified as to reduce its first cost, and especially to keep that cost practi cally pro-rata with its capacity in plants of small and medium size, a field of wide application would be opened up in many industries thus far unconsidered. The problem attracted us, being closely allied to the lines of steam engineering on which we have developed an extended and successful practice Having a clear idea as to the essential points of an ap ourselves in 1889 in a form of compressor then being designed, and since patented by Horace F. Hodges and David J. Ha enstrite, of Boston, The outcome of their work has been compressor and condenser containing exactly the features neces. sary to the successful development of the business whic proposed, and negotiations were early commenced looking to wards a connection with them. These negotiations have ni culminated in the form of an Exclusive License under whic we control the manufacture and sale of this apparatus with all future improvements. On and after this date (April 20th, 1893), we therefore succeed Messrs, Hodges & Havenstrit and their successors the Standard Refrigerating Company, in the further conduction and development of the business. It is hardly necessary to state that we shall bring into it the high: class engineering and general reputation for good work with which we have come to be credited ARTIFIQAL COLD. ERY briefly, the cycle of operation i the pro- duction of artificial cold commences with the expansion into a gas, of a liquid having a low boiling point. The process is precisely analogous, except as to its position on the scale of temperature, to the expansion or evaporation of water by boiling. Water boils at a temperature of 212° at atmos- This temperature being higher than that of natural objects, artificial heat has to be supplied by the com- bustion of fuel in order that the water shall be allowed to boil, or in other words, to expand, In this sense the water in expanding may be said to cool the fire. conceive of the process as being for the the water into steam. pheric pressure We ordinarily purpose of boiling It would be equally scientific to re verse the thought, and consider the evaporation of water as a means for abstracting heat from a body of higher tem- Perature, as for instance from a fire. (The slow evaporation of water from the hand produces a cooling sensation, which 's perhaps a still better illustration.) ‘This leads to a concep- tion of refrigeration as a process by which the expansion or boiling of @ liquid having a low boiling temperature is made to abstract heat from any contiguous body having a rela: tively higher temperature. ‘The most convenient liquid. is found to be anhydrous ammonia, having a boiling point 287° below zero under atmospheric pressure, and which in boiling will therefore abstract from any contiguous body having natural temperature the heat necessary for its expansion into a gas. ‘The cycle of operation, as has been stated, e the expansion valve through which liquid ammonia is al to slowly feed into a coil of pipe, where it boils a @ gas, rapidly abstracting heat from all surro To render the cooling effect available, the coils which the ammonia expands may be submerged: containing a saturated solution of common salt, is speedily reduced to any desired temperature d and thus becomes a storehouse of cold, so to can be drawn upon by circulation through other ¢ tunning through cooling rooms in the case of cans of water may be submerged in the brine in facture of artificial ice. The better method of ref more often the direct expansion of the liquid the coils in the cooling room, but in either lying principle of the absorption of heat is p Typically, the above is a complete but it is evident that with the elementary the ammonia gas, having been expanded, air and be lost. The waste of has done its work. Such ap simple pump, which is bu at trifling with, and the compressor is reduced to a compact, stiff and accessible machine, eminently adapted to. the severe work imposed upon it. ‘A heavy steel shaft enters both crank chambers through stuffing boxes to prevent leakage of oil. On each end of the crank shaft inside the crank chamber is a removable steel stank disc, the extended sleeve of which forms a large bear ‘ing surface, running in cast iron removable boxes. The use ‘of composition metals containing copper is not admissible with ammonia, ‘The crank pin is of special construction, being built up ‘of a pin carrying a hardened steel sleeve held in place by a collar, e sides enabling it to be reversed on the pin. The cylinders being Single acting, all the wear falls on one side of the sleeve, So that when unduly worn it may be tumed side for side and a new bearing surface secured. Motion is transmitted to the pistons through a massive ‘Yoke onto opposite sides of which the pistons are directly bolted. Adjustable gibs on the top and bottom of the yoke carry its weight and side thrust, thereby relieving the cylinders en- tirely, Similar gibs on the inside of the yoke take the wear of the sliding block. All the parts on which wear can come are of the simplest construction, and can be thrown away and: replaced expense when worn. But the crank chamber is filled height of which can be seen in the gauge pnnet plate, and as all the working parts ‘extraordinarily large bearing surfaces, it fol- ar is minimized to the utmost. We recently This sleeve has two key-ways on oppos inspected a compressor which had been in operation continuously for three years, and found the tool marks scarcely beginning tc show signs of wear. The cylinders themselves are removable bushings forced into a heavy casting so that when worn they can be replaced at insignificant cost. The crank sleeve which forms the main bearing can also be replaced when worn The pistons are merely plain hollow heads bolted hard against the yoke and packed with a number of light rings sprung into grooves. Such a packing not only proves to be the most efficient against highly compressed s, but makes the cost g of repairs nominal, By this system of cheap interchangeable wearing parts the compressor can be maintained literally “as good as new after an indefinite term of years. Access is conveniently had to the main bearings in the chamber by removing the top bonnet, and to the yoke and crank by removing the front bonnet It will be interesting to note that the two cylinders of each crank chamber are not in line with each other, but are placed respectively above and below the center line by a dis tance equal to one-half the crank radius. The effect of this is to improve the angle of thrust of the crank as the resist ance of compression increases towards the end of the stroke. To the excellence of this feature much of the good w ‘king ‘of the compressor is due. The cylinder head is a heavy casting, chambered for the inlet and delivery ports with their respective valves, These last with their seats are of Bessemer steel, ground tight and finished flush with the inner face of the cylinder head. ‘The solid connection of the pistons and yoke without intermediate pins or brasses provides that the total distance SPRING Sia) mau ey VALVE CAGE av CYLINDER HEAD DETAILS OF CYLINDER AND VALVES. from head to head of the pistons, plus the stroke, can be made and kept exactly equal to the length from flange to flange of the cylinders, ‘The clearance space upon which the efficiency of the compressor so largely depends is not only reduced to gith, as nearly equal to zero as mechanical construction can make it, but itself naturally without maintains suffering from increase of clearance dile to wear. Both valves are covered by removable caps so that the valve and valve seat are readily accessible. The valves arc checked by light springs just sufficient to keep them from chattering, and all the valve mechanism can be replaced in case of wear or breakage in a few minutes The whole surface of the cylinder is water-jacketed by circulation through the space between the bushing and the outer casting. The heat of compression is thus partially ab: sorbed, and the cylinder casting kept free from distortion due to unequal expansion It will be noted that the compressor being duplex, and each side carrying two cylinders, it becom es possible to nearly equalize the rotative effort by placing the two cranks at right angles, whereby the four resisting strains are equally distributed through each revolution, This enables belt trans- mission to be employed, whereas the use of a belt has here tofore been impossible. ‘The whole construction of this compressor is of the most massive and compact character from the engraving, and doubly so machine itself, It is impossible to overstate the smoothness of its operation. Instead of two massive fly in their bearings we employ an ordinary split pulley without This is apparent even from the inspection of the wheels grinding any extra rim weight, No surge of the belt is visible und fect noiselessness, the only sound detected being the faint click of the valve as it seats, A 30 ton compressor ca be turned over by 1 ase by one man at the rim of the pulley, The pulley having no appreciabl entum, it follows that the cha fa wreck from some ructi in the cylinder largel rs, as the belt merely slips off kind, It will be evident from the description how completely this compressor meets the objections found t in the other forms already cited. Since it may be driven from any source of pov ot requiring a special direct-connec gine as a part of th machine, one or more compressors may take power from a single compound condensing engine or from independent com: pound engines by direct belting, whenever the prime use o steam in the engine itself is to be reduced to a minimum, is the case in refrigeration. The fric the machine itself is extraordinarily small as compared with other forms of com. pressor; and user may avail himself of every device known to steam engineering to secure the highest fuel economy Tn an ice making plant, where the utilized in exhaust is other parts of the process, a plain non-compound engine will be employed, and first cost thereby consider It will happen” in very many cases, particularly in small refrigerating plants, that the customer has general power on a shaft or electric power-circuit at his command, and he will therefore utilize this power through a belt or a motor without i SLIDING BLOCK $ SIDE GIB PISTON pISTON DETACHEP SLIDING BLOCK “< ail MAIN BolT (a I i c lo (@ =< REMOVABLE SLEEVE V = — ee , ; BEARING (a MAIN BEARING Box! DETAILS 0 F CRANK AND SHAF v The mechanical excellence of the compre amine the ma n an P its simplicity, smoothness of operation, cheapn nt hat tl mn newal of wearing parts, etc., has already been made apparent from pressor urges its own much better than can be don the description, It will be greatly to the advantage of any (? Ce” J|QUALLY with the compre cor denser, which is a form se with sea water, we find that the form comm 7 the shape of horizontal coils of pipes, arranged a 1 the individual pipes being practically hi to the top pipe and spatters down pipe to pipe in its progress. A large percentag h thrown off mechanically before —accomplishin; work attempts have been made to check this waste } for guide fin between the pipes. The the waste quite disp mate, an P which is often a serious rebate upon the It is not infrequently found that the problem of water and pl al is the controlling factor in the operation of Furthermore, the coils ordin sed ar as with welded joints. ‘This makes them expensive in first cost, exp to repair, expensive to increase, and without flexit relative capacity under variable loads; in all ¢ bling the single unit compressor The form of condenser which we illustrate has ‘ merit. In the first place it is built in sections, each section senting a capacity of one ton, The sections are strictly un form and duplicate, no matter what the size of the plant, so that they can be made and carried in stock. When a contract is of a thin film, without any loss from spattering, ‘This in itself is a source of great economy in the use of water, but further _ than this it is found that the thin film of water is partially ‘Sasa and its capacity for latent heat thereby utilized. ‘The whole condenser is generally placed in a casing open at the top and bottom, so that its warmth produces an up-draft which femoves the vapor as fast as formed, and greatly promotes the evaporation and consequent cooling action of the water It is found in practice that it is quite possible to so regulate the water that it is completely evaporated before reaching the bottom Of the pipes so that the base header may be left dry. This would represent the maximum efficiency so far as concerns the use of water. Indeed we cite instance where the condenser was successfully operated for twelve hours by means of an. air. draft caused by a suction fan without the use of any water at all, except the natural moisture of the atmosphere, and this with 4000 worth of meat depen¢ i upon it. The economy in the use of water by th condenser is not a trif_ing amount, but on the contrary is a very large saving, not easily stated on account of the indefinite performance of other condensers, but probably representing a saving of one-half to ordinarily required. two-thirds of the water ARTIFICIAL ICE FACTORY HE manufacture of artificial ice had extending ly anticipated into the northern states, not excepting the colder regions of New England. the superior quality of the product. naturally its origin in warm climates, but is itself with a rapidity hardi This is probably due to In the densely populated manufacturing districts the natural sources of ice supply are so rapidly deteriorating that the sanitary question has