CHAPTER XI COLD STORAGE DUTY (Part 3)

(See Ammo- nia.) Approximate displacement, 138. Aqua ammonia, cooling of, 56. Atoms, motion of, 2. Audiffren refrigerating machine, 41. Automatic control of feeds in parallel, 39. expansion valve, 35. motor controlling deyices, 35. safety devices, 34. systems of mechanical refrigera- tion, 36. systems, control of, 37. systems, working cycle of, 37 water controlling valve, 39. B. Back pressures, and temperatures, 114. Blast furnace, refrigeration of, 8. Boiler and expansion coils compared, 74. Boiling liquids, refrigeration by, 13. points, change of, due to pressure, 78, 110, 111. points of substances, 6, 78. Breweries, sanitary requirements in, 14. Brine, amount of salt for, 109. calcium chloride, 145. circulating system, 23, 31. coils, 120. coils, defrosting of, 120. cooling, 142. cooling systems, elementary, 23. cooler, 56, 59. density of, 144. salt (NaCl), 145. Brine, refrigerating capacity of, 144. systems, 21, 26, 30, 32, 111. British thermal unit, 4, 126. Bunker floors, insulation of, 20. system. (See Ice Bunker.) By passes, 47. Calcium chloride brine, 145. Calculation of ammonia charge, 107. Calking of leaks, 101. Can ice systems, 90, 95. Capacity, refrigerating, by test, 133. effects on, 127. of ammonia compressors, 128, 129. of ammonia compressors, nominal, 133. of refrigerating machines, 126. loss of, 119. Carr^ absorption machine, 14, 17. Caustic potash, as an absorbing medium, 40. Cement, Utharge and glycerine for pipes, 100. Center freeze system, 94. Charge ammonia, 107. ammonia for compre^ion side, 108. Charging the system, 102. Chemical reaction, source of heat, 11. Chimney draught, 19. Circulation of air, bunker systems, 18. of brine in gravity brine systems, 21. Clearance in compressors, 49. Coal, origin of, 80. stored solar energy, 11, 80. Cold air refrigerating machines, 67. air refrigerating machines, cycle of, 67. and heat, relative terms, 7. its production, 1. losses of, through cold storage doors, 157. production of, by boiling liquids, 9, 68. storage, absorption of heat in, 73. storage duty, 148. Digitized by V^OOQIC INDEX 165 Cold storage products, cooling of, 149. Combined can and plate ice plant, 95. Combustion, a source of heat, 11. engines for refrigerating plants, 16. Commercial refrigerating machines. 25, 28, 30, 44, 45, 54, 59. Comparisons, 62. Completely automatic refrigerating systems, 36. Complex substances, distillation of, 3. Compression, of anmionia, 154. machine, invention of, 14. machine and absorption, com- pared, 53, 62. machine, elementary, 66. machine, gas driven, 17. machine, ether, 13. machine, eflficiency for low tem- peratures, 17. machine, sulphur dioxide, 41. system, 44. system, direct expansion, 30. system, principles employed in, 27. Compressors, actual displacement eflficiency of, 135. capacity of, 129. capacity, computation of, 128. displacement per foot piston travel, 142. double acting, 48. enclosed crank case, type, 51. eflficiency of, 86. liquid ammonia in, 116. lubricating system of, 47. nominal capacities of, 133. oils for, 122. types of, 47. temperature regulation of, 47. Compression, wet and dry, 116. Condensation of steam and ammonia, 74. vaporized refrigerant, 25. Condenser coils, incrustation of, 125. pressures and temperatures, 114, 115. Condensers, 58, 59. counter current, 46. Condensable gases, 22. Conduction, 7. Conductivity of insulation, 159. Congealing tanks, 33. tanks, capacity of, 33. tank systems, 32. tank systems, losses in, 34. Connections for charging system, 104. Constant pressure, evaporation at, 4. Contents, table of, vii. Control of parallel ammonia feeds, 39. Convection of heat, 7. Cooling and heating, relative terms, 27 Cooling air, 156. ammonia, 154. brine, 142. cold storage products, 149. meats, 150. refrigerant, 29, 46, 131. water, 150. wort, 150. capacity of ice, 18. capacity of congealing tanks, 33. capacity of Uquid ammonia, 25. mediums, natural, 26, 70. water, path of, in absorption sys- tem, 59, 60. Counter current, effect in absorption machine, 60. condenser, 46. Cycle working of compression, re- frigerating system, 28, 44. of Audiffren machine, 41. of absorption refrigerating ma- chine, 59. of cold air machine, 67. of Morris machine, 41. of automatic parallel feed system, 39. of thermostatically controlled sys- tem, 37, 38. Cylinder cooUng by direct expansion, 47. Cubical contents of cylinders, pipes, 107. displacement of ammonia com- pressors, 130. Digitized by V^OOQIC 166 INDEX D. Damp-proofing, compared to insula- tion, 76. Davie's experiment, 110. Defrosting brine coils, 120. direct expansion coils, 121. Density of brine, 144. Deodorizers, 98. Development of mechanical refrigera- tion, 11. Direct expansion coils, 121. expansion coils, defrosting of, 121. expansion compression system, 30. expansion absorption system, 22. expansion surface, heat transmis- sion through, 120. Displacement of compressors, actual, 138. of compressors, approximate, 137. of compressors, per foot piston travel, 142. efl&ciencies of compressors, 129, 135. efficiencies of compressors, by in- dicator cards, 136. efficiencies, factors of, 136. efficiencies, losses in, due to re- expansion, 136. per ton refrigeration, 132. Distillation of complex substances, 3. Distilling apparatus, 90. systems, 90, 96. systems, high pressure, 90. Double acting compressors, 48, 50. packing of, 50. piston speeds of, 140. Duty, refrigerating, measurement of, 126. E. Early experimenters, 13. Economy, relative, of compression and absorption machines, 17. Effect of working pressures, 131. Efficiencies of ammonia compressors, 86, 135. Efficiency and pressure, 112. Efficiency determined from indicator cards, 136. displacement of compressors, 129. loss of, due to incrustation, 125. Elementary absorption machine, 52, 68. brine system, 23, 26. compression machine, 66. direct expansion system, 22. intermittent absorption machine, 53. ice making system, 24. mechanical refrigerating system, 22. Electrically driven plants, 34. Electric lights in refrigerators, 153, 154. welding, 102. Enclosed crank case compressors, 51. lubrication of, 54. Energy, heat a form of, 2. solar, stored in coal, 80. Equalizer line, 46. Ether compression machine, inven- tion of, 13. boiling point of, 78. Exchanger, 56, 59. Expansion coils, 28. coils, compared to steam boiler, 74. coils, ice on, 119. coils, oil in, 122. coils, surface required, 108. of refrigerant, 46. of refrigerant, behind a piston, 65. side, compression system, 44. surface, relation to temperature, 111. valves, 46. valves, automatic, 35. valves, control, cycle of operations of, 38. Explosions, ammonia, 103, 105. Extraction of heat from vaporized refrigerant, 29. Evaporating temperatures, 78. Evaporation at constant pressure, 4. at fixed temperature, 4. Digitized by V^OOQIC INDEX 167 £vap(mttion of ammonia, pipe sur- face required for, 79. of moisture by solar heat, 80. of liquid refrigerant, 22. rate of, 79. refrigeration by, 9. Evaporators, in vacuum distilling apparatus, 95, 96. F. Factor of displacement efficiency, 136. Faraday's experiments, 14, 52. Filters, 98. Fittings, 100. Flange joints, 100. Flow of heat, 6, 7, 76, 80. of heat compared to that of elec- tricity, 7. of heat compared to that of water, 76. Food products, properties of, 149. Forced air circulation, 20. Fore cooler, 98. Freezing back, 115. time for ice, 92. point of alcohol, 6. of iron, 9. of merciuy, 9. of water, 6. of various substances, 6. Frigorific mixtures, 12, 21. Fusion by application of heat, 2. Frost, formation of, 117. Frost line, 117. Frosting of pipes, 43. Fusion, latent heat of, 13. G. Gases, permanent removal of, 123. cooling capacity of, in change of temperature, 67. Gas engine driven compression ma- chines, 17. Gasification by absorption of heat, 3. Gasket joints, 100. Gas lights in refrigerators, 4, 153. Generators, 57, 59. Glycerine and litharge cement, 100. Generation of heat, 5, 76. Gravity brine system, 21. H. Harrison, work on compression ma- chine, 14. Head pressure and condenser pres- sures, 115. Heat absorbing capacity of sub- stances, 6, 12. absorption in cold storage, 73. a form of energy, 2. and cold, relative terms, 71. extraction of, from vaporized re- frigerant, 29. flow of, 1, 6, 76. flow of, compared to that of water, 7. flow of, 76. flow of, due to difference in tem- perature, 7, 76. fusion by, 3. gallon, 144. gasification by, 3. gravitation of, 75 latent, 3. leak of, through insulation, 76, 159. mechanical equivalent of, 5. passage of by conduction, con- vection and radiation, 7. piunp compared to water pump, 6^, 75. raising of, from low to higher level, 82. sources of, 11. specific, 3, 13. transmission through expansion surfaces, 120. Heating and refrigerating systems compared, 72. Heating and refrigerating, relative terms, 69. Heat units, derived, 4. negative equivalent to ton of refrigeration, 5. Digitized by V^OOQIC 168 INDEX High pressure distilling system, 90. Horizontal double acting compress- ors, 50. Horse power per ton of refrigeration, 86, 87. Household type of refrigerating ma- chine, 40, 41. Hydrometry, 147. Insulation of bunker floors, 20. of condenser coils by incrustation, 125. Intermittent absorption system, 53. Internal work of melting and evap- orating, 4. Iron, fusion point of, 9. I. Ice bunker systems, 18, 20. bunker systems, precipitation of moisture in, 20. bunker systems, temperatures pro- duced in, 20. cooling by, 18. early production of, 14. loss of efficiency due to, in expan- sion coils, 119. frozen per pound of ammonia evaporated, 25. freezing systems, laboratory meth- od, 24. from polluted waters, 14. impurities in, 93. latent heat of, 5. making by can system, 90. making by center freeze system, 94. making plants, ammonia charge for, 109. on expansion coils, 119. plate, size of, 93. plate system, operation of, 93. specific heat of, 5. systems, can and plate, 95. time required for freezing of, 92, 94. Impurities in ice, 93. Incrustation, 12. Indicator cards, for determining effi- ciency, 136. Installation of refrigerating machines, 100. Insulation, compared to dampproof- ing, 76. economy in, 158. heat conductivity of, 60, 76, 158, 159. Joints, flange, 100. gasket, 100. Joules' experiments, 4. K. Kelvin's experiment, 110. Kinetic theory, 2. Laboratory direct expansion system, 22. brine system, 23. ice freezing system, 24. Latent heat, 3. use of in refrigerating processes, 68. of ice, 5, 6. of fusion and vaporization, 3, 5, 13. Leaks, effect of, 85. location of, 101. Litharge and glycerine cement, 100. Lights in cold storage, 153. Liquefaction of gases by Faraday, 14. Liquid ammonia, cooling capacity of, 25. in compressor, 116. water cooling by, 25. Liquid refrigerant, evaporation of, 9, 22. system for weighing, 134. Losses, insulation, cold storage doors, 157. of efficiency in brine systems, 32. of efficiency in congealing tank systems, 34. Digitized by V^OOQIC INDEX 169 Losses through insulation, compu- tation of, 60, 159. Low efl&ciency due to low tempera- tures, 86. temperatures, laboratory method of production, 12. Lubrication of compressors, 47, 52. M. Matter, change of state of, 3. states of, 2. Meats, cooling of, 150. refrigeration required to cool, 150. Mechanical equivalent of heat, 5. refrigeration, development of, 11. systems of refrigeration, element- ary, 22. Mediums, refrigerating, 29. Melting of solids, a method of re- frigeration, 8. points of various substances, 6. Mercury, freezing point of, 9. Mixtures, frigorific, 12, 21. Moisture, precipitation of in ice bunker system, 20. precipitation of by refrigeration, 154. Molecular theory, 2. Molecules, effect of heat on, 2. Morris absorption machine, 40. system, working cycle of, 41. Motor controlling devices, 37. controlling devices, automatic, 35. Multiple effect refrigerating ma- chines, 89. N. Natural circulation of air, 19. cooling mediums, 26, 70. processes of heating and refrigera- tion, 8. processes of refrigeration by evap- oration, 9. Nessler's solution, use of, 101. O. Ohm's law, 7. Oils for ammonia compressors^ 122. Oil, in expansion coils, removal of, 122. in refrigerating system, 121. Operation of plate ice system, 93. of refrigerating machines, steam driven, 16. of refrigerating machines, gas en- gine, 17. of refrigerating machines, general, 100. of small refrigerating system, 43. Overcharge, detection of, 106. Oxy-Eicetyline, 102. P. Packing of double acting compres- sors, 30. Parallel feed, automatic control of, 39. feed, control, cycle of operation of, 39. Perkin's work, 13, 17. Permanent gases, removal of, 123. Pipes, cubical contents of, 107. Pipe surface required for evaporation of ammonia, 79. Piping, 100. Piston rod, lubrication of, 51. Piston speeds, double acting com- pressors, 140, 141. Pistons, Linde tyx>e, 50. Piston travel, displacement per foot of, 142. Plate ice systems, agitation in, 93. Plate ice, time to freeze, 92, 94. Plate system, 92. Potassiimi hydrate, an absorbing medium, 40. Pounds of ammonia, per pound re- frigeration, 128, 143. of refrigeration, 126, 128. Precipitation of moisture, 154. of moisture in ice bunker, 20. Pressures and efl&ciency, 112. Digitized by V^OOQIC 170 INDEX Pressiure, efiFect of, 127. efiFect of, on boiling point, 78, 110, 111. working, efiFect of, 130. Pressure tanks, 45. Pressures and temperatures of am- monia, 105. Primary refrigerant, method of weigh- ing, 133. Production of dry air in ice bunker systems, 20. Properties of food products, 149. of matter, 2. of refrigerating mediums, 113. of water and ammonia, 69. Pumps for heat and water, 62. Pumping vacuum, 103. Purging the system, 124 Pump out lines, 47. R. • Radiation of heat, 7. Raising of heat, 82. water, 82. Receiver, 46. Rectifier, 58, 59. Re-expansion, loss of efl&ciency from, 136. Refrigerant compared to sponge, 26. Refrigerant, condensation of vapor- ized, 25. cooling of, 29, 46, 131. evaporation of, 22. liquid, weighing of, 133, 134. selection of, 10. water as a, 10. Refrigerating at different tempera- tures, 87. capacity, loss of, due to ice, 119 capacity of brines, 144. efiFect, calculation of, 131. machine, as a heat pump, 75. machine, capacity of, 125. machine, installation of, 100. machine, multiple efiFect, 89. machine, operation of, 100. machine, small capacity, 40. Refrigerating mediums, properties of, 113. medium, water as, 71, 72. system, charging of, 102. system, compared to heating sys- tem, 72. system, oil in, 121. system, purging of, 123. system, selection of, 42. system, testing of, 133. temperatures and pressures, 9. Refrigeration, ammonia required per ton of, 135. available in expansion, 46. by change of temperatm^ of gases, 67. by evaporation of liquids, 9, 68. by melting of solids, 8. by specific heat of gas, 67. defined, 1. mechanical, 11. necessary to cool water, 150. necessary to cool wort, 151. of blast furnace, 8. pound of, 128. tonnage, basis of, 51, 127. Refrigerator coils, defrosting of, 119. lights in, efiFect of, 153. Regulation of compressor tempera- tures, 47. Relative temperatures of cooling water and refrigerants, 27. Repairs, leaks, 101. Rusting, leaks, 101. S. Safety devices, automatic, 34. head, 49. Salt, amount of, for brine, 109. brine, 145. use of, in gravity brine systems, 21. Sanitary conditions in gravity brine system, 21. Saturated air, cooling of, 156. Saturation of air, 154. of air, relation to temperature, 156. Scale on condenser coils, 125. trap, 45. Digitized by V^OOQIC INDEX 171 Selection of refrigerating system, 42. Semi-automatic system, 35. Shipping drums for anunonia, 104. Silver chloride, absorption of am- monia in, 52. Simple comparisons, 62. Single acting compressors, 48. Small machine brine system, 15. Small machines, types of, 15. Small refrigerating machines, opera- tion of, 43. Sodium chloride brine, 45. Solar energy, available in coal, 80. Solar heat, evaporation of moisture by, 80. heat stored in coal, 11. radiation source of- heat, 11. Soldering leaks, 102. solutions for pipes, 102. Solids, refrigeration by the melting of, 8. Solution, effect of, 6. freezing point of, 6. Sources of heat, 11. Specific gravity of wort, 152. heat, 3. heat involved in refrigerating pro- cesses, 67. heat of ammonia, 132. heat of ice, 5. heat of steam, constant pressure and volume, 5. heat of wort, 152. heat of solids, liquids and gases, 12. heat, variation of, with density, 144. Splash lubrication, 52. Standard conditions of tests, 127. tonnage basis of refrigeration, 5. Static head and thermal head, 80. Steam and ammonia, condensation of, 74. power due to solar heat, 81. radiator and ammonia condenser compared, 74. specific heat of, 5. use of, for refrigeration, 16. Stills, ammonia, 59. t Storage tanks, 46. Strong aqua, cooling of, 56. liquor, path of in absorption sys- tem, 59. Stuffing box, 50. Substances, boiling points of, 6. heat absorbing capacities of, 6, 12. melting points of, 6. Sulphur dioxide compression ma- chine, 41. sticks, testing with, 101. Suction lines, insulation of, 118. valves, operation of, in compress- ors, 49. System for weighing Uquid refriger- ant, 134. Systems of refrigeration, 17, 18. water and anunonia, compared, 69. T. Table of contents, vii. Tanks, congealing, 33. Tank pressure, 45. Temperature difference in brine sys- tem, 111. * difference in direct expansion sys- tem, 111. difference of effecting rate of evap- oration, 79. Temperatures and corresponding back pressures, 114. and relation to expansion surface, 111. and pressures, anunonia, 105. of saturated air, 154. of refrigerating, 9. Test, standard conditions, 127. Testing, 100. of refrigerating systems, 133. sulphur sticks for, 101. Nessler's solution for, 101. Thermal and static head, 76, 80. conductivity, 159. Thermostatic control, 36. control, cycle of operation of, 37. Thermostats, 37. Tonnage basis of refrigeration, 5. Digitized by V^OOQIC 172 INDEX Ton of refrigeration, ammonia for, 135, 143. of refrigeration, horse power for, 86. unit of refrigeration, 127. Twining, work of, 14. Types of small machines, 15. U. Units, 126. Use of compression and absorption machines, 17. Vacuum distilling apparatus, 95, 96. Vacuum, effect of, on boiling points, 13. Valves, automatic expansion, 35. suction, operation of, 49. water, automatic, 39. Vaporization, latent heat of, 13. latent heat of, for water, 5. temperature, change of, by pres- sure, 13. Vaporized refrigerant, condensation of, 2. Vertical single acting compressors, 48, 49. Variation of specific heat with den- sity, 144. Volume of pipes, 107. of air, change of, in refrigeration, 19. W. Water absorption machine, 40. a natural cooling medium, 26. and ammonia, properties of, 69. and ammonia systems, compared. Water and heat pumps, 62. as a refrigerating medium, 10, 40, 71, 72. boiling point of, 6. cooling by liquid ammonia, 25. filter, 98. freezing point of, 6. latent heat of fusion of, 6. latent heat of vaporization of, 5. power and steam power due to solar heat, 81. proofing compared to insulation, 76. rate of flow of, due to difference in level, 76. refrigeration required to cool, 150. ultimate cooling medium, 71. valve, automatic, 39. vapors in air, 154. Weak liquor cooler, 56, 59. liquor, path of, in absorption sys- tem, 59. Weighing, liquid refrigerant, 133, 134. Weight of air, change of, in refrigera- tion, 19. of ammonia per cubic foot, 107. Welding, electric, 102. Wet and dry compression, 116. Working cycles, 28. cycles of automatic systems, 37. limits, 85. mediums, 29. pressures, 110, 131. Work, internal, 4. Wort, refrigeration