PART I.—BOTANY.
CHAPTER I—PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF PLANTS.
Intropuctory ..
THALLOPHYTES .. 8 Alge .. 8 Fungi . 16
ARCHEGONIATES 44 Bryophytes 45
Hepatice (Liverworts) 5r Musci (Mosses) . 53 Pteridophytes ...... 55 Filicales (Ferns) . 57 Equisetales (Horsetails) .. 64 Lycopodiales (Club Mosses) 66
Spermopuytes (Seep PLANTS) 70 Gymnosperms .. 7 Angiosperms . 8 CHAPTER II—OUTER MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS.
INTRODUCTORY .. or The Root 92 The Stem 100 The Leaf . 106 The Flower 121 The Fruit 145 The Seed .. vies IST CHAPTER III—INNER MORPHOLOGY OF THE HIGHER
PLANTS.
Cet anv Cext-Contents + 156
Tue Ceci Watt . 181
Kinps oF Cetts .. 184
Inner STRUCTURE OF 197
PLANT METABOLISM . 219
viii CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IV.—CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIOSPERMS YIELDING VEGETABLE DRUGS.
IntRopucToRY . + 223 Monocory.epons » 225 DicotyLepons . + 247 Archichlamydez or Choripetalze + 247 Metachlamydez or Sympetale . + 355 CHAPTER V.—CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS. PROPAGATION + 404 Tue Correction, Curinc aNp YieLp or Drucs . ~ 406 Cuxtivatep MEDICINAL PLANTS . + 407 PART IIL—PHARMACOGNOSY. CHAPTER I—CRUDE DRUGS. Intropuctory . 417 Daucs Derive FROM ANGIOSPERMS + 425 Seeds: .e:s.cseess08 + 425 Roots and Rhizomes . + 443 Barks, Woods and Pith . 5It Flowers + 548 Fruits .. + 350 Leaves and Herbs + 505 Exudations, Milk Juices and other Plant Substances . +» 640 Drucs Derivep FROM CONIFERE . . Bz Darucs Deriven From THALLOPHYTES AND ARCHEGONIATES - 84 CHAPTER II—POWDERED DRUGS AND FOODS. Intropuctory + 695 Key For THE IDENTIFICATION oF PowbERS . 702 Description oF Powpers . 714 PART III.-REAGENTS AND MICROSCOPICAL TECHNIQUE. CLasses oF REAGENTS . . 800 MAKtnG oF SEGTIONS .. . Sor ForMUL# For REAGENTS - . 802 Mountinc or SpEcIMENS. - &8 ‘Micromerry - 813 TRE sairenscaxemommecmecnmenecanenermnAKARmER ERRNO. 817
Botany and Pharmacognosy. PART I—BOTANY.
CHAPTER I. PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF PLANTS. INTRODUCTORY.
Tuere are four main lines of botanical work recognized at present,—namely, Morphology, Histology, Physiology, and Ecol- ogy. Morpuovocy, which is sometimes referred to as Outer Morphology, is the study of the external forms of organs and the relation of these to their functions. H1stotocy, which is sometimes defined as Inner Morphology, has to do with the minute inner structure of organs. PHysioLocy may be defined as the study which considers the life processes and the condi- tions which influence these. Ecotocy is the study of the adapta- tion of plants and their parts to external conditions. It is impor- tant to bear in mind, however, that these several departments are more or less interdependent, and that one of them cannot be intelligently considered without encroaching on the territory of the others. For instance, as Goebel states, we cannot under- stand the relation of the external forms of organs without refer- ence to their functions. In other words, form and function have a direct relation; one influences the other. So, too, in the study of ecology we study the influence of external conditions on plants and these, as indicated above, have a direct influence on physiological processes, and thus the study of ecology merges into the study of physiology on the one hand and into morphology on the other. :
While this book will deal chiefly with the structure of plants and their parts, still it will be necessary occasionally to refer to some of the characters of plants which properly belong to other
departments of botanical study. 1
2 BOTANY AND PHARMACOGNOSY.
Basis of Plant Structure—In order to understand the sig- nificance and relation of the various parts of plants it is necessary to know something of their functions and habits of life as well as of their internal structure.
If we make a section of a plant and examine it by means of the microscope, the cut surface presents the appearance of a network indicating that the tissue is made up of small compart- ments or chambers. One of these compartments together with its contents constitutes the structure known as the CELL (see Frontispiece).
The cell contents vary greatly in appearance and composi- tion, but in all active or living cells there is always present the substance known as PROTOPLASM. The protoplasm is the basis of all plant structures whether they belong to the lowest or high- est forms; for by its aid or from it all parts of the plant are developed. Even the cell wall is a product of protoplasmic activity. The protoplasmic content of the cell consists of several intimately related but more or less distinct portions,—namely, a somewhat thin, semi-liquid, granular portion known as the CYTOPLASM}; a more or less spherical body embedded in the cytoplasm called the NuCcLEUs; and frequently, but not always, certain small bodies which are more or less variable in shape called PLASTIDs, these being also embedded in the cytoplasm (see Frontispiece). The cytoplasm and nucleus are sometimes considered together as a unit, which is known as the protopast. A fuller discussion of the differentiated portions of the protoplasm will be found in